Approaches in psychology
- Created by: sydneyjones
- Created on: 21-05-18 11:41
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- Approaches in Psychology
- Psycho-dynamic approach
- Id: pleasure principle demands instant gratification Ego: motivated by reality principle Superego: morality principle punishes ego for wrongdoing
- The Mind Conscious: aware of and access without effort, contains the ego. Preconscious: cannot access without effort, contains ego and superego Unconscious: accessed by psychoanalyst, contains superego and id
- Id: pleasure principle demands instant gratification Ego: motivated by reality principle Superego: morality principle punishes ego for wrongdoing
- Social Learning theory
- We learn through observation and imitation of others
- Attention, retention, motivation and reproduction
- Bobo doll study- children who observed an aggressive model imitated the behaviour esp. same sex model
- Social learning supported by research however lab experiments so artificial settings
- More complete explanation of behaviour than conditioning but does not take account free will
- Explains differences in culture e.g Amish not shown violence so don't act violently
- We learn through observation and imitation of others
- Biological approach
- Genetic factors: genes code for characteristics like eye colour but also structure of nervous system. Twin studies concordance rate
- Genotype- the genetic makeup of an individual Phenotype- characteristics expressed by an individual
- Evolution- Darwin proposed natural selection. Best features from generation will be passed on to the next
- Genotype- the genetic makeup of an individual Phenotype- characteristics expressed by an individual
- Twin studies do not separate nature and nurture. Also concordance rate never 100% and so environmental and social factors must be involved
- Real life applications based on understanding of neurotransmitters drugs have been developed to treat mental disorders
- Genetic factors: genes code for characteristics like eye colour but also structure of nervous system. Twin studies concordance rate
- Cognitive approach
- Information received from senses is processed by the brain and directs how we behave
- Schema packet of information organise and interpret information
- Emergence of neuroscience using brain imaging techniques such as fMRI and PET scans
- Schema packet of information organise and interpret information
- Wide range of practical applications lead to a strategy to improve EWT - cognitive interview
- Doesn't take into account genetic factors in mental disorders such as schizophrenia
- Information received from senses is processed by the brain and directs how we behave
- Humanistic approach
- People need unconditional positive regard in order to self actualise to their full potential
- Conditions of worth create incongruity between real self and ideal self
- Given rise to a new way of looking at people's needs client centered therapy
- Approach uses non scientific methods which are hard to replicate and can be influenced by researcher bias
- Given rise to a new way of looking at people's needs client centered therapy
- Conditions of worth create incongruity between real self and ideal self
- People need unconditional positive regard in order to self actualise to their full potential
- Behaviourism
- Pavlov dogs Food unconditioned stimulus with an unconditioned response
- Bell neutral stimulus paired with food to become conditioned stimulus and conditioned response
- Classical conditioning learning through association
- Operant conditioning learning by consequence
- Positive reinforcement rats press lever to get food
- Negative reinforcement pressing lever to stop electric shock
- Positive reinforcement rats press lever to get food
- Watson and Rayner showed that phobias can be learnt through classical conditioning 'Little Albert'
- Does not take into account biological factors such as neurotransmitters
- Experiments carried out on animals, we are different cognitively and physiologically
- Pavlov dogs Food unconditioned stimulus with an unconditioned response
- Psycho-dynamic approach
- Behaviourism
- Pavlov dogs Food unconditioned stimulus with an unconditioned response
- Bell neutral stimulus paired with food to become conditioned stimulus and conditioned response
- Classical conditioning learning through association
- Operant conditioning learning by consequence
- Positive reinforcement rats press lever to get food
- Negative reinforcement pressing lever to stop electric shock
- Positive reinforcement rats press lever to get food
- Watson and Rayner showed that phobias can be learnt through classical conditioning 'Little Albert'
- Does not take into account biological factors such as neurotransmitters
- Experiments carried out on animals, we are different cognitively and physiologically
- Pavlov dogs Food unconditioned stimulus with an unconditioned response
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