AQA Psychology AS Approaches.
- Created by: heatherpell
- Created on: 18-01-17 11:36
View mindmap
- Approaches.
- Origin Of Psychology.
- Wundt's and Introspection.
- First ever lab dediated to Psychology in Germany.
- Standardised instructions made the test replicable.
- Early roots: Dawrin, Locke, Descartes.
- Emeregence Of Psychology As A Science.
- Rejection of introspection by early beahviourists.
- Scientific approach: behaviourism, cognitive revolution, biological approach and cognitive neuroscience.
- Wundt's and Introspection.
- Behaviourism.
- Assumptions.
- Observable.
- Basic processes same in all species.
- PAVLOV: Classical Conditioning.
- Association of Neutral Stimulus with the Unconditioned Stimulus to produce new Conditioned Stimulus and Conditioned Response.
- SKINNER: Operant Conditioning.
- Postitive and Negative Reinforcement
- Punishment.
- Evaluation.
- Scientific Credibility.
- Objectibvity and Replication helped create psychology as a science.
- Real-life Application.
- Token economy used in prisons.
- Focus on here and now, e.g. treating phobias.
- Mechanistic.
- Humans are passive responders mental events not included.
- Extra.
- Environmental Determinism.
- Ethical and practical issues in animal experiments.
- Scientific Credibility.
- Assumptions.
- Socal Learning Theory.
- Assumptions.
- Observable.
- Basic processes same in all species.
- Mediational Processes.
- Attention, Retention, Motivation, Reproduction.
- Vicarious Reinforement.
- Observation leads to imitation if behaviour is vicariously reinforced. (Bobo Doll Experiment)
- Identification.
- More likely to imitate role models you identify with.
- Evaluation.
- Cognitive factors in learning.
- More comprehensive account of learning.
- Evidence from lab studies.
- Demand characteristics and low validity.
- Underestimates influence of biology.
- Agression involves hormonal factors e.g. testosterone.
- Extra.
- Explain cultural differences.
- Less determinist than behaviourism.
- Cognitive factors in learning.
- Assumptions.
- Cognitive Approach.
- Assumptions.
- Internal mental processes can be studied through infleunce.
- Computer Model.
- Information processing approach.
- Mind is likened to a computer and applied to artifical intelligence.
- Role of Schema.
- Beliefs and expectation affect thoughts and behaviour.
- Innate or learned.
- Mental short-cut, leads to perceptual errors.
- Emergence of cognitive neuro-science.
- Brain imaging (e.g. MRI) used to read the brain.
- Biological structures link to mental states e.g. Broca.
- Evaluation.
- Scientific and Objective methods.
- Credible basis.
- Lab experiments to produce relaible, objective data.
- Machine reductionism.
- Ignores the influence of emotion.
- Application to everyday life.
- Artitifical stimuli.
- Abstractand overly theoretical.
- Extra.
- Real-world application.
- Less determinist than other approaches.
- Scientific and Objective methods.
- Assumptions.
- Biopschology.
- Nervous System.
- The Central Nervous System.
- Brain and Spinal Chord.
- Peripheral Nervous System.
- Somatic nervous system.
- Autonomic nervous system.
- Sympathetic.
- Parasympathetic.
- The Central Nervous System.
- Endocrine System.
- Glands and Hormones.
- Hormones distributed in bloodstream.
- Pituitary is the master gland.
- Fight or Flight.
- Sympathetic Arousal: pituitary-ACTH-adrenal gland-adrenaline.
- Glands and Hormones.
- Neurons.
- Types of Neuon.
- Motor.
- Connect the CNS to effectors such as muscles and glands - short dendrites and long axons
- Sensory.
- Carry messages from the PNS to the CNS - long dendrites and short axons
- Relay.
- Connect the sensory neurons to the motor neurons - short dendrites and short axons
- Motor.
- Electrical transmission.
- Positive charge leads to action potential.
- Structure.
- Cell body contains nucleus, has dendrites.
- Axon covered in myelin sheath divided by nodes of Ranvier.
- Types of Neuon.
- Synaptic Transmission.
- Synapse.
- Terminal buttons at synapse, presynaptic vesicles release neurotransmitter.
- Neurotransmitters.
- Post-synaptic receptor site links to dendrites of adjoining neuron.
- Specialist functions e.g. acetylcholine for muscle contraction.
- Excitation and Inhibition.
- Adrenaline is excitatory.
- Serotonin is inhibitory.
- Drugs.
- SSRI's increase serotonin activity.
- Synapse.
- Nervous System.
- Biologocial Approach.
- Assumptions.
- Processes: genes, neurochemistry, and the nervous system.
- Genetic basis of behaviour.
- Twin studies and family studies.
- Genotype and Phenotype.
- Interaction between nature and nurture.
- Evolution and behaviour.
- Natural selection of genes based on survival value and, ultimately, reproductive success.
- Evaluation.
- Scientific Methods.
- Precise techniques, such as scanning techniques, family studies, drug trials.
- Real-life application.
- Drugs.
- Casual Conclusions.
- Drugs may only be associated with symptom reduction, not causes.
- Extra.
- Determinist.
- Cannot separate nature and nurture.
- Scientific Methods.
- Assumptions.
- Origin Of Psychology.
Comments
No comments have yet been made