Anomalistic Psychology (Part 5)
- Created by: Natalie
- Created on: 09-06-14 20:12
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- Anomalistic Psychology (5)
- Psychic Mediumship
- Sensitivity to cues
- Many clues to help a talented medium produce accurate information (cold reading)
- Even without seeing their 'sitter' they can pick up information from their tone of voice and replies to previous statements
- The Barnum effect
- Cold reader starts with general statement which elicit responses from the sitter
- Responses can be used in later conversation to convince listener of psychic abilities
- Fraud
- Mediums may hire an accomplice to visit a regular sitter.
- Schwartz et al. (2001)
- Used undergraduates to determine accuracy of cold readings
- Each considered how accurately each statement reflected their own feelings
- Rock and Beischel (2008)
- Tested belief that mediums can report accurate information about dead people without cues
- 2 conditions - 1; loved one is alive. 2; loved one is dead
- 6 mediums spoke on the phone to a sitter
- Mediums found significant differences in information retrieved from 2 conditions
- Willingness to be deceived
- Roe (1996)
- Reported many sitters are aware mediums are using general statements but remain convinced
- Supported by Wiseman et al.'s (2003) seance
- P's knew it was fake but believers had a tendency to be taken in by events
- Supported by Wiseman et al.'s (2003) seance
- Reported many sitters are aware mediums are using general statements but remain convinced
- Roe (1996)
- O'Keefe and Wiseman (2005)
- Arranged 5 mediums to give readings for 5 sitters
- Each sitter read all of the 25 readings given and rated the personal relevance for each statement
- Ratings were the lowest for the statements written for them
- Well-controlled study - showed no evidence of mediumship
- Schwartz et al. (2001)
- Tested 5 mediums
- 2 women sitters, could only answer yes or no
- Sitters judged the accuracy of the mediums' statements as 83% and 77%
- Undergraduates were shown statements with photos of the sitters, 36% guessed correctly
- Sensitivity to cues
- Psychic Healing
- Therapeutic Touch (TT)
- Wirth (1990)
- Studied patients with wounds who were treated either with TT or nothing
- Patients weren't aware of what treatment they were receiving - eliminates placebo effect
- Patients treated with TT healed faster
- Failed to replicate own research on wound healing
- Has been convicted of fraud with a 5 year prison sentence
- Rosa et al. (1998)
- Tested 21 TT practitioners
- Each sat on one side of a screen and placed their hands through 2 holes in it
- The experimenter placed her hand about 4 inches above the practitioners
- Only correct 44% of the time - less than chance
- Created by a 9 year old
- TT supporters claim the study is invalid because the experimenter was not ill
- Long et al. (1999)
- Glickman and Graceley
- Replicated the study eliminating body heat and found results at chance level
- Could be due to body heat
- Replicated the study eliminating body heat and found results at chance level
- Replicated Rosa et al's study using normal people
- Found when experimenter's hand was only 3 inches away the results were better than chance
- Could be due to body heat
- Found when experimenter's hand was only 3 inches away the results were better than chance
- Glickman and Graceley
- Wirth (1990)
- Placebo effect
- Lyvers et al. (2006)
- Suggest belief in psychic healing may explain some of its success
- Belief creates positive expectations
- Benson et al. (2006)
- Studied patients recovering from heart surgery
- One group were control, other 2 were told prayers were being said for them - only 1 group had prayers said for them, other group were placebo group
- Those who suffered more complications were those who had been prayed for - doesn't support placebo effect
- Success could be due to spontaneous or temporary recover
- Lyvers et al. (2006)
- The effects of prayer
- Cha et al. (2001)
- Looked at effect of prayer on infertile women
- Researchers arranged for Christian strangers to pray for some women
- As far as they knew, no one prayed for the other women and prayed for women were 2x likely to get pregnant
- Conducted her study with Wirth, and Cha has been accused of plagiarism in another journal
- Cha et al. (2001)
- Therapeutic Touch (TT)
- Psychic Mediumship
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