Anglo-Saxon and Norman England 1060-1088
- Created by: Lizzi777
- Created on: 31-05-18 12:34
View mindmap
- Anglo-Saxon and Norman England 1060-1088
- Anglo-Saxon Society
- Peasant > Thegns by owning 5 hides of land
- Slaves could be freed
- Peasants could sell themselves into slavery
- Thegns could be promoted/ relegated to/from Earldom by the King
- Slaves >Peasants > Ceorls > Thegns > Earls
- Blood feuds
- Wergild was invented to prevent long running feuds
- Criminal would pay a fine to victims family depending on their status
- Wergild was invented to prevent long running feuds
- Collective responsibilty
- Tithings
- Towns and Villages
- Buhrs
- Fortified towns
- Designed to protect from Viking raids
- Linked by roads
- Had strong walls and ramparts
- Trading hubs
- All items over a certain amount had to be traded here so it could be taxed
- Villages
- Houses made of wood and thatched straw
- A collection of scattered houses and farms
- Thegns lived in large manor houses
- Thegns would often build churches on their land, hire a priest and hold services
- Each shire had its main town- BURH
- Buhrs
- The King
- King made the laws
- The people expected the King to keep peace and to provide justice
- Controlled money production
- Could give or take away land to anyone
- Could raise an army
- Decided what and when national taxes should be paid
- King made the laws
- The Church
- Traditional
- Large areas controlled by bishops
- Bishops were rich and powerful
- Didn't like Thegns setting up churches and hiring priests as they thought they should do that
- Monasteries and nunneries were in decline
- Godwins
- King Cnut made his favourite adviser, Godwin, Earl of Wessex
- Godwin helped Ed the Confessor become King
- Ed the Confessor married Godwin's daughter Edith of Wessex
- Strengthened their alliance
- Brother-in-laws had been known to inherit the throne before
- Strengthened their alliance
- By mid 1060s, Godwins controlled most of England
- Became more powerful via key marriages
- Harold Godwinson married Edith the Fair
- Had a lot of land
- Harold Godwinson married Edith the Fair
- Lords to many Thegns which owed them military service
- So could raise an army
- Convinced Ed the Confessor to appoint many bishops in their favour
- Ultimately had control of Church
- The land they owned was very important
- Harold Godwinson succeeded his father as Earl of Wessex in 1053
- Harold Godwinson's embassy to Normandy
- 1064
- Mission for King Ed the Confessor (his brother in law)
- Landed in Ponthieu where he was taken by County Guy of Ponthieu
- Duke William of Normandy demanded that Guy hand Harold over
- Harold helped Will in 2 military campaigns
- Resulted in Harold receiving gifts of weapons and armour
- Symbolic relationship between a lord and his warrior
- Resulted in Harold receiving gifts of weapons and armour
- After relaying King Ed's message Harold swore a solemn oath to Will on 2 holy relics
- Reasons for the Uprising against Earl Tostig
- He had been unjust and imposing new laws and abusing his power
- He didn't defend Northumbria from Scottish attacks as he was friends with King Malcolm III
- Malcolm in vaded in 1061 causing much destruction
- He ordered the assassination of high-born Northumbrian rivals whilst they were his guests
- He taxed Northumbria too heavily
- Danelaw areas were not used to it so resented it
- Tostig was a southerner and Northumbria had always been left to govern itself
- Contestants to the throne
- Harold Godwinson
- Ed named him King before he died according to Harold
- Proven leader
- When Ed was concentrating on religious pursuits in his later years, Harold carried out the day to day running of the country
- Good soldier
- Not a blood relation
- He promised he'd help Will to become King
- Had support of the Witan
- William Duke of Normandy
- Ed agreed to name him King
- Sent troops to help Ed so was well respected in England
- Harold promised to help him become King
- Leader, well respected soldier
- Not English
- Not related to Edward
- Witan didn't support him
- Untitled
- Harold Godwinson
- The Battle of Hastings
- Surrounded Saxon position
- Normans used cavalry
- Harold ordered his army not to move from their position
- In the early afternoon Wills left flank gave way and the fyrd gave chase
- Left the Saxon line weak and the Normans took advantage of this
- The Witan elected Edgar Aethling as king
- When Will's men were marching back to Dover they feel very ill
- Will sent troops to Winchester to seize the royal treasury
- They marched on London burning houses on the way so inhabitants would surrender to him
- They marched round London as it was fortified to Berkhamstead
- Edar and Morcar, Edgar Aethling and Archbishop Ealdred submitted
- They offered Will the crown
- Edar and Morcar, Edgar Aethling and Archbishop Ealdred submitted
- The Harrying of the North
- 1069-70
- Inhabitants and livestock of entire villages were killed and food stores destroyed
- Shaped modern perceptions of Normans as ruthless and merciless
- Because Edgar Aethling led a rebellion against Will's rule
- To flush out and eliminate Northumbrian rivals
- Will believed it would stop further rebellion as all supplies needed to support it had been destroyed
- Long term
- Will's troops salted the earth so nothing could grow
- Reduced threat of future Danish rebellion
- Replaced Anglo-Saxon nobles
- Short term
- Many people froze and starved to death
- Many refugees fled the area
- Some turned to cannibalism or turned themselves into slavery
- Marcher Earldoms
- Smaller
- Easier to control
- Earls had special priviledges
- Could create boroughs, m,arkets and establish churches
- In control of the law
- Controlled sheriffs
- Exempt from tax
- Could build castles anywhere they wanted
- Smaller
- Castles
- Motte
- Mound of dirt
- Palisade
- Strong fence made of timber
- Keep
- Strong wooden tower- lookout
- Bailey
- Where the stables and barracks would be
- Moat/ ditch
- Drawbridge
- Built in strategic locations
- Used as a base for the Lord of the area
- Used to dominate territory
- Symbol of Norman power
- Motte
- Lanfranc
- Believed in reform
- Increased Bishop authority
- Banned priests from marrying
- Celibate
- Primate
- Chief archbishop
- Established Bishop courts (synods)
- Will supported him
- Church could make Will look more important
- Will refused to swear loyalty to Pope so didn't get on well with the church
- Built Battle Abbey at site of Battle of Hastings
- Stigand and Lanfranc
- Part of Witan
- Shire Courts and Hundred Courts
- Administration of the Church
- Legal expertise
- King's household
- Ambassador/ King's rep
- Lanfranc
- Head of Church in England
- Stigand and Lanfranc
- Part of Witan
- Shire Courts and Hundred Courts
- Administration of the Church
- Legal expertise
- King's household
- Ambassador/ King's rep
- Believed in reform
- Changes to land ownership 1066-87
- Forfeit
- Lost land as a punishment
- Anglo-Saxon had to forfeit their lands
- By 1087 less than 5% of land was held by Anglo-Saxons
- From 1071
- Will owned all land
- Anglo-Saxons had to pay to keep land, Normans didn't
- Heirs who inherited land had land had to pay tax to Will
- Pre 1071
- Bookland
- Landholders were given a document by their lord to show their right to the land. This could be sold or passed on.
- Leases
- Land was loaned for a set amount of time, in exchange for money.
- Bookland
- Forfeit
- Feudal system
- Knights dealt with minor court cases in manorial courts.
- Knights replaced thegns
- When a landholder died, they had to prove their loyalty to Will and pay him a relief
- Either low or high relief depending on their loyalty
- Landholders say an oath of homage to Will- "I become your man"
- Peasnats did labour service
- Forfeiture
- If a land-user didn't provide the service required of them their land would be taken away and they'd pay a fine
- Church
- Major landholder
- Putting Normans as bishops and archdeacons reduced the risk of Anglo-Saxon rebelllions
- Kept laws and legal documents
- Leaders owed knight service
- Military role
- Advised King
- King's regent
- Normanisation
- Putting Normans as bishops and archdeacons reduced the risk of Anglo-Saxon rebelllions
- Lanfranc
- Head of Church in England
- Major landholder
- Changes to Society
- Feudal system
- Nobles no longer in a position to challenge King's power
- Thegns replaced with Knights (had less power)
- Number of free peasants went down
- Some slaves were freed
- Stopped trade with Scandinavia
- Affected Danelaw areas
- Changes to Government
- Centralised power
- Reduced power of Earls
- Used regents
- Sheriffs
- Collected money
- Held court
- Normans more powerful
- Answered only to King
- Less legal responsibilities
- Looked after castles
- Had a share of the revenue they collected
- Land-grabbed
- Norman Aristocrat Culture
- Moral code towards Knights
- Males shaved the backls of their heads
- Introduced family names based on where they lived
- Got rid of many Anglo-Saxon Saints' relics
- Language
- Church documents and laws written in Latin
- Official language: French
- Arisocrats couldn't read
- English only spoken by common people
- Bishop Odo of Bayeux
- Land-grabbed
- Made to give it back in 1076
- Will sent Odo to deal with trouble in Northumbria in 1079
- Odo damaged the region, robbed people and took cathedral treasures
- In 1082, William had Odo put in prison
- Land-grabbed
- Anglo-Saxon Society
Comments
No comments have yet been made