Alcohols
- Created by: Jadii
- Created on: 10-09-14 11:19
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- Alcohols
- Hydroxyl group - OH
- Alkoxy group - OR
- General formula R-OH
- Derived from alkanes, substituting the H with an OH
- Think of alcohols being derived from water by replacing one of the H atoms with an alkyl group
- In both water and alcohol molecules, hydrogen bonds form between them
- Hydrogen bonding between alcohol and water molecules explains why they mix
- In both water and alcohol molecules, hydrogen bonds form between them
- Like water, alcohol molecules are polar --> polarised OH bond
- In both water and alcohol molecules, hydrogen bonds form between them
- Hydrogen bonding between alcohol and water molecules explains why they mix
- Alcohols with a small Mr are more soluble than those of a bigger Mr
- Primary - at the end of a chain
- If the aldehyde is required, it will be distilled from the reaction mixture. Otherwise, it'll be heated under reflux.
- Secondary - in the middle of a chain
- Tertiary - attached to a C atom that carries no H atoms
- Difficult to oxidise as they don't have a H atom on the C atom to which the -OH is attached
- Oxidised to form ketones, heated under reflux
- Cannot oxidise further is it would involve breaking a C-C bond
- Tertiary - attached to a C atom that carries no H atoms
- Tertiary - attached to a C atom that carries no H atoms
- Difficult to oxidise as they don't have a H atom on the C atom to which the -OH is attached
- Oxidised by heating under reflux with an acidified solution of potassium dichromate(VI)
- The orange dichromate(VI) ion, Cr2O2(2-)(aq) is reduced to green Cr(3+)(aq)
- Oxidation of the -OH group will not occur unless there's a H on the C atom to which the -OH is attached
- The product is a carbonyl compound - an aldehyde or ketone
- Primary alcohols oxidise to aldehydes, which then are oxidised to a carboxylic acid
- If the aldehyde is required, it will be distilled from the reaction mixture. Otherwise, it'll be heated under reflux.
- Primary alcohols oxidise to aldehydes, which then are oxidised to a carboxylic acid
- The product is a carbonyl compound - an aldehyde or ketone
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