Aid and trade, industrialisation, urbanisation, the environment and war and conflict
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- Aid and trade, industrialisation, urbanisation, the environment and war and conflict
- Aid
- Types of aid
- Bilateral and Multilateral aid
- Marren
- 80% of all western aid is from official sources
- Marren
- Bilateral and Multilateral aid
- Why give aid?
- Bandyopadhyay and Vermann
- A majority of America's aid went to Afghanistan, Iraq and Egypt
- Radelet
- Aid is an opportunity to promote the American values of openness, prosperity, freedom and democracy
- Bandyopadhyay and Vermann
- Is aid a good or bad thing?
- The case for aid
- Sachs
- 'Aid works when it is practical, targeted, science-based and measurable.'
- Barder
- Every year foreign aid pays for the vaccinations of 80% of the world's children
- Addison et al
- The overall evidence suggests aid has had a respectable impact on economic growth
- Sachs
- Paul Collier
- Aid is a holding operation preventing things from falling apart
- The countries of the bottom billion of the world's population would have become even poorer than they are today without aid
- Peter Riddell
- Aid is often ineffective because of poor governance and corruption in recipient countries
- The case against aid
- The neo-liberal view
- Erixon
- Although billions of dollars have been given in aid, most African countries are poorer today than they were at the time of their political independence
- Bauer
- Aid creates a dependency culture and discourages the entrepreneurial spirit vital to economic growth
- Moyo
- The idea that aid can alleviate and even eradicate poverty is a myth
- Erixon
- The Marxist view
- Theresa Hayter
- Aid deliberately functions to bring about and sustain underdevelopment
- Hancock
- Aid is spent on bloated salaries, administrative expenses, first-class hotels and attendance at international conferences
- Theresa Hayter
- The post-development view
- Rist
- foreign aid is merely a tool for US neo-liberalism that has attempted to dominate economic and political-thinking since WWII
- Rist
- The neo-liberal view
- The case for aid
- The ambiguous role of debt
- The effectiveness of aid is undermined by the debt owed by the developing world to the West
- The future of aid
- Moyo
- End all aid for 5 years to force developing nations to turn to tax and investments
- Collier
- Aid should be used as a reinforcement
- Moyo
- Conclusions
- Marren
- No country has developed through aid alone
- Marren
- Types of aid
- Trade
- Modernisation theory
- Rostow
- As countries start to industrialise they will take their place within the international trade system
- Rostow
- Neo-liberalism
- Reid-Henry
- Neo-liberalists see global markets as both the means and the desi
- Reid-Henry
- Dependency theory
- Frank
- modernisation theory neglects the fact that developing societies already occupy a place in the world trading system
- Hoogvelt
- the combination of free trade and TNCs often leads to the corruption of ppolitical elites in developing countries
- Frank
- Alternatives to the neo-liberal dominance of world trade
- Duncan
- The developed world has benefitted from the import of cheap Chinese goods
- So and Chiu
- The tiger economies did not follow the neo-liberal policies of free trade
- Duncan
- Modernisation theory
- Industrialisation
- Modernisation theory and neo-liberal theory
- Developing countries need to move through the same stages of industrial development as Britain
- Rostow
- Developing countries needed the help of the West to get them on their industrial feet
- Dependency theory
- Hoogvelt
- Industrialisation is a positive process, but too often it has been established, organised and developed for the benefit of Western TNCs
- Hoogvelt
- Industrialisation and export processing zones
- Klein
- Many developing countries industrialise by setting up Export Processing Zones
- Means exploitation of workers and denied worker rights
- Many developing countries industrialise by setting up Export Processing Zones
- Klein
- The new international division of labour
- Froebel et al
- Labour across countries and continents has been fragmented in to a range of unskilled tasks that can be done with minimal training
- Froebel et al
- Bello
- The most reliable measure of development Is the rate at which industrialisation occurs
- Modernisation theory and neo-liberal theory
- The Tourist Industry
- Tourism to developing countries is on the rise due to :
- The growth of communication systems
- Cheapness of air travel
- Growth of higher education has broadened people's horizons
- Benefits for developing countries
- Brings much needed Western currency
- Provides employment opportunities
- Stimulates the local economy
- Urry, Hall and Harrison
- Negative impacts
- Indigenous people may experience relative deprivation
- Attracts criminals and beggars
- Negative impacts
- Tourism to developing countries is on the rise due to :
- Urbanisation
- Modernisation theory
- Cross
- Cities are catalysts of modernisation in that they loosen ties to traditional institutions and value systems by reducing the dependency on community and extended kin
- Cross
- Dependency theory
- In developing societies people have migrated to cities, leaving behind land on which they lived and farmed, but factory jobs are not widely available due to TNCs being highly mechanised
- An urban underclass
- Cities play a major role in ensuring that poorer countries remain in a state of underdevelopment because these cities monopolise any surplus capital that might be generated by exports or aid
- Modernisation theory
- The relationship between development and the environment
- Environmental pressure points
- Ehrlich
- Earth's resources cannot sustain present levels of population growth because some areas of the world have a limited capacity
- Ellwood
- The desperately poor do not make good eco-citizens
- Chakravarty et al
- Deforestation is partly caused by the poverty and debt that characterises the economies of the developing world
- Rees
- The rich wold is consuming the resources of the poor world
- Ehrlich
- Sustainable and appropriate development strategies
- Sustainable development
- Foster
- The World Bank's projects and practices are creating environmental problems despite its supposed commitment to sustainable developement
- Foster
- Appropriate development
- Elkington
- There is tension between economic development and environmental concerns
- Elkington
- Sustainable development
- Ellwood
- The global extinction crisis is accelerating
- Mankind has forced 816 species into extinction in 500 years
- The global extinction crisis is accelerating
- Environmental pressure points
- Wars and conflict in the developing world
- 'Old' wars and 'new' wars
- The characteristics of 'new wars'
- Identity politics
- Different modes of warfare
- Globalised financing
- Shadow economies
- Effects of globalised culture
- Old wars have 5 characteristics:
- Total wars
- Public confrontations
- Socially organised violence
- Technology focused on mass-production
- Alliances were made
- The characteristics of 'new wars'
- War and underdevelopment
- Collier
- Life in developing societies is cheap, and joining a rebel movement gives young men a chance of riches
- Collier
- The effects of armed conflict on children
- In 1999, at least 300,000 children under the age of 18 were actively involved in armed conflict
- 'Old' wars and 'new' wars
- Aid
- So and Chiu
- The tiger economies did not follow the neo-liberal policies of free trade
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