5. Aggression and its impact upon performance and behaviour
- Created by: Amy Parkinson
- Created on: 17-04-15 15:16
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- Agression and its impact upon performance and behaviour
- BULL: 'aggression is any behaviour that is intended to harm another individual by physical or verbal means'
- There are 2 types of aggression: hostile aggression and channelled aggression (assertion)
- Aggression
- The prime motive of aggression is to inflict injury
- Breaks the rules
- Often disrupts team performance and group cohesion
- PARENS: aggression is 'hostile destructiveness'
- Assertion
- Does not attempt to harm anyone
- Is strictly within the rules of sport
- Often involves forceful but functional play
- Focussed on completing the task successfully
- PARENS: non-hostile self-protective mastery bhevaiour
- Antecedents of aggression
- Excessive pressure to win
- Retaliation to an incident
- Copying the behaviour of others
- Nature of the game
- Reaction to hostile situation
- Being on a losing side
- Previous ill-feeling
- Actual or perceived unfairness
- Frustration at poor performance
- Displaced aggression or an influence outside sport
- Theories of aggression
- Instinct theory
- FREUD
- LORENZ
- Trait view of aggression
- Behaviour is at all times predictable
- Aggression is genetically determined
- A trait of violence lies within everyone: FREUD called this the 'death instinct' which purpose is to seek aggressive destruction
- Aggressive energy is constantly building up and needs to be released
- Social learning theory
- BANDURA
- Aggression is learned
- Aggression is not genetically determined but is instead nurtured by the environment
- Aggression can be learned by copying role models
- Aggression is likely to occur if it is part of the social and cultural norm of the group
- Frustration Aggression hypothesis
- DOLLARD
- Frustration develops with goal-directed behaviour is blocked
- Interactionist theory
- Frustration could occur through environmental circumstances like defeat
- Frustration generated by the environment triggers the aggressive gene
- If the aggressive act is successful, the individual feels catharsis or a cathartic release
- If the act fails, further frustration is generated
- Aggression cue hypothesis
- Interactionist theory
- BERKOWITZ
- Frustration leads to an increase in arousal
- Frustration creates a 'readiness' for aggression which must then be triggered by an environmental cue
- Better players have the capacity to control frustration and aggression
- Aggressive behaviour inhibits concentration and team cohesion
- Elimination of aggression
- Cognitive techniques which involve psychological strategies
- Imagery
- Mental rehearsal
- Counting to 10
- Positive self-talk
- Distancing oneself from the situation
- Walking away
- Reasoning with onself
- Somatic techniques which involve physiological strategies
- Progressive relaxation techniques
- Breathing exercises
- The use of biofeedback
- Role of responsibility
- Emphasis on non-aggressive role models
- Reinforce non-aggressive behaviour to strengthen a desirable S-R bond
- Attribution
- SILVA
- Hostile aggression may increase arousal causing reduced concentration resulting in poor performance
- Cognitive techniques which involve psychological strategies
- Instinct theory
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