Aggression (Groups and institutions)
- Created by: Natalie867
- Created on: 03-06-15 09:32
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- Aggression (2)
- Group displays
- Groups make us behave differently (e.g. more anti-social and/or cooperative).
- Adaptive-protection in a group and sexual selection.
- Sporting aggression
- Sport is a type of 'ritualised aggression'
- Has replaced tribal warfare.
- Has the benefits of success without the dangers.
- Victory brings status to players and fans
- Men are seen as desirable to women.
- Ultimate Vs Proximate causes?- proximate doesnt make sense.
- Xenophobia
- Fear of outsiders
- Adaptive-avoidance of attack and possible death.
- Shaw and Wong (1989)-traits which allowed suspicion of outsiders favoured by natural selection.
- Macdonald (1992)- exagerating negative stereotypesa of outsiders is adaptive.
- Shaw and Wong (1989)-traits which allowed suspicion of outsiders favoured by natural selection.
- Adaptive-avoidance of attack and possible death.
- Evans and Rave (2002)
- Analysed data from 40 football matches. (all from Europe).
- Used post-match reports and interviews with the police.
- Findings: More aggression is associated with National footbal games than club games.
- This finding was attributed to the influence of nationalism and xenophobia.
- Evaluation
- Self-report
- Does not fit in with western ideal of 'fair play'.
- Fear of outsiders
- Evaluation
- Real world Application-1992, german teams wore "My friend is a foreigner" on their shirts
- Is hooliganism a career?
- Marsh (1978)says it allowsfor a sense of worth and identity which they dont get from their everyday lives.
- Sport is a type of 'ritualised aggression'
- Warfare
- Adaptive nature of war.
- Groups compete for a higher status-gives them access to bigger land, greater resources and more women.
- Men who win wars are more likely to pass on their jeans.
- Chagnon (1968) Yanamama tribe.
- Constantly formed alliances with other villages to to increase the size of their village
- These 'branches' often fight for access to women.
- Successful warriors have more wives and children.
- Most young men who had killed were married.
- Most young men who had NOT killed were not married.
- Evaluation
- can war really be explained as an 'adaptive response'?
- Gender bias-the female warrior is virtually unknown.
- Deterministic
- Reductionist
- Gender bias-reinforces gender stereotypes, it wouldn't work if you swapped the roles around.
- Cultural bias-research done on tribes.
- Adaptive nature of war.
- Institutional aggression
- Aggression in prisons
- About the person (dispositional)
- Anger, rebellion, expectation, competition.
- Dispositional factors
- Irwin and Cressey (1962)-Importation model.
- Categorised prsioners into three subcultures: criminal, convict and 'straight'.
- Irwin and Cressey (1962)-Importation model.
- About the place (situational)
- Violent environment, overcrowded, urban, deprived of freedom, lack of consequence.
- Situational forces-deprivation theory.
- This suggests that aggression occurs as a result of internal factors within the prison setting.
- Sykes (1958)-Deprivation theory.
- 1. Deprivation of liberty
- Isnt trusted to live in the free world, rejected by society.
- 2. Deprivation of autonomy
- Prisoners have fewer choices, thold what to do, leads to helplessness.
- 3. Deprivation of goods and services.
- Inmates dont have the 'stuff' that we expect in the free world.
- 4. Heterosexual relationships
- Many straight men find female companionship to be part of their self-identity, being denied this, may reduce their sense of self-worth, oppurtunites for homosexual relationships may lead to anxieties.
- 5. Security
- Fears for their safety, sense of threat leads to aggression.
- 1. Deprivation of liberty
- The popcorn model
- The first individual to become aggressive is like the piece of corn to pop when the pan is heated.
- In other words, sort out the prison environment and inmates will not become aggressive.
- Zimbardo (1973)-Standford Prison Experiment
- He wanted to see whether reported brutality from American prison guards was due to the guards personality (Bad Apples) or due to the environment (Bad Baskets).
- About the person (dispositional)
- Evaluation (of aggression models)
- Dispositional causes.
- Black inmates were more aggressive but less alcohol/drug reliant-this mirrors US society (Harrer and Steffensmeir, 2006)
- No evidence of a link between gang membership and mis-conduct in prison (Delisi, 2004)
- Aggression in prisons
- Group displays
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