African nationaism 1948-59
- Created by: PavneetSandhu
- Created on: 28-01-20 23:34
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- AFRICAN NATIONALISM 1948-59
- Political Opposition 1948
- 1948- no black opposition group
- ANC - 1910
- 1910- Union of South Africa established
- ANC + Youth League 1944
- ANC - best educated leaders
- took courage for new phase of mass political action - Johannesburg
- led by Lembede tambo Sisulu and mandela
- Mandela, Sisulu, Tambo opened all black law firm in 1952
- later joined by Africanist lembede
- criticied ANC for trying to impress white people later became the president of ANC
- as some wanted to 'drive the white man into the sea'
- criticied ANC for trying to impress white people later became the president of ANC
- Sisulu and others joined and formed Youth league
- did not want to work with communists or indian congress
- communist party- mandela wrote attacks on them and YL broke up their meetings
- did not want to work with communists or indian congress
- later joined by Africanist lembede
- inspired by global anti colonial rhetoric
- alarmed white of race and racial separation and discriminatiomn
- NP won in 1948-- launched a programme of action in 1949
- boycotts, resistance, work strikes and mass action
- most members went to Fort Hare University- together they expelled Dr Xuma as too moderate ANC president
- replaced by Albert Luthuli 1952
- programme of action turned to more militant liberation organisation
- replaced by Albert Luthuli 1952
- ANC and other organistions
- 1940s- communist party accepetd hard to find mass support in balcks works
- so working with African nationalist for democratic revolution
- social revolution next steps
- Communism
- Np deeply anti communist so banned in 1950
- youth leaguers uneasy to work with them - alliance eventually became stronger
- whites, coloured, Indians not accepted into ANC= reflected apartheid and racial division
- groups of White liberals formed the highly crictical liberal party in 1953
- based political on respect and equal rights
- attracted black support but ANC and communist suspicious
- liberalism weak and crushed by white fears and attraction of radical African nationalism
- 1940s- communist party accepetd hard to find mass support in balcks works
- ANC - best educated leaders
- DEFIANCE CAMPAIGN
- strategy: groups of volunteers to break racial restrictions like curfews and segregated facilities and risk arrest
- target cities Johannesburg and Durban + 6000/8000 arrests made in Eastern Cape cities like Port Elizabeth and East London
- Nelson Mandela - chief with Yusuf Cachalia from Indian congress
- Influenced by ideas of non- violent civil disobedience promoted by Ghandi
- CASE STUDY: East London
- 35,000 people lived in shacks - high level of poverty and IMR - 37% of babies died first year
- began in june 1952 with 1500 people
- Shouted ANc slogans
- ANC activists wore khaki uniform and ANC colours so easily identified
- Protestors rejected the laws and used 'white only' facilities and many arrested - courts clogged
- More youths started coming to meetings and advocating violence - a police informer chased and stoned
- October: campaign split between moderate Gwent she and Radical Fazzie
- November 9th: activists advertised 'religious gatherings' and 8000 people threw stones at police
- police shouldn't stop the meeting
- claimed there was a baton charge and someone had a gun
- they opened fire themselves causing crowd to disperse and stone officers and burn down buildings
- 7 African deaths with 18 injured - ANC called off the campaign
- 2 white people were killed :a salesmen and Catholic missionary wholse car was set alight with her in it and parts of her body taken away
- strategy: groups of volunteers to break racial restrictions like curfews and segregated facilities and risk arrest
- Women and ANC
- Male leaders had patriarchal views on women's role
- in 1943
- women's league founded in 1948
- Government announced 1955 - extended pass laws to women moving from city to city
- Lillian Ngoyi staged mass protest against passes - petetion signed and 20,000 marched on union builind pretoria
- 1957- protested outside pass office in Johannesburg
- women also led the resistance to forced removals in Cato manor Durban in late 1950s
- RURAL RESISTANCE
- CASE Study: Sekhukhuneland
- Many men living there were migrant workers who spent
most of their time in Pretoria and
Johannesburg.
- Many migrants workers had also established
organisations to help them with finance, transport and getting money back to
their rural homes.
- men were strongly against the idea of Bantustans
because they wouldn’t be able to work in urban areas which was an important
source of money for them.
- They then adapted ANC’s ideas and were also dedicated to the idea of equal rights in SA.
- men were strongly against the idea of Bantustans
because they wouldn’t be able to work in urban areas which was an important
source of money for them.
- Many migrants workers had also established
organisations to help them with finance, transport and getting money back to
their rural homes.
- in 1957, the gov set to impose Bantu Authorites Act with chiefs - these officals were beaten or stbbed to death and burnt out of their homes
- police was sent in and arrests of hundreds of people many of these workers arrested or deported
- Many men living there were migrant workers who spent
most of their time in Pretoria and
Johannesburg.
- The freedom Charter
- ANC called a nationwide meeting with people from all backgrounds
- they were asked their demands and written into Freedom charter: now ANC had what the people of south africa really wanted
- the Charter congres met at Kliptown outside Johannesburg on 26th june 1955
- surrounded by police - difficult as most leaders were banned
- it was read out and everyone agreed.
- PAC
- believed - non african had too much influence in congress movement
- charter should be led by africans only
- didnt care about others only wanted their civil rights
- land should be given back to africans after independence
- in 1958, when ANC was re-elected Leballo expelled bcuase he protested that they werent too busy with treason trail,
- in ANC conference Luthuli compared Africanists to tribes - Africanists walked out
- the Africanist made a separate organisation inside ANC
- ANC members said government allowed PAC to freely speak and organise themselves beacuse of 'seperate development'
- the Africanist made a separate organisation inside ANC
- believed - non african had too much influence in congress movement
- CASE Study: Sekhukhuneland
- Political Opposition 1948
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