African Americans and Civil RIghts

Created by: EleanorCook8
Created on: 12-12-17 13:33

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African Americans and Civil Rights
- Presidents
  - Theodore Roosevelt
    - Ended school segregation in NY
    - Worked closely with Booker T Washington
    - Progressivism
    - Fluctuating views
  - Ulysses S Grant
    - Ordered KKK in South Carolina to disperse and surrender arms
    - Civil Rights Act 1875
      - Prohibited segregation in various modes of public accommodations and transportations
      - Prohibited discrimination in jury selection
  - Franklin D Roosevelt
    - Signed into law executive Order 8802, prohibiting racial discrimination by government defence contractors
      - Fair Employment Practice Committee
      - "There shall be no discrimination in the employment of workers in defence industries and in government, because of race, creed, color, or national origin."
    - Reduced racism in the work place
    - New Deal
      - Helped indirectly
    - Democrat
      - Relies on Southern White Votes
        Limited Promoter
  - Rutherford B Hayes
    - Withdrawal of federal troops from the South allowed the issuing of the Jim Crow Laws
    - Compromise of 1887 marked the effective end of the Republican's active support of civil rights for Black Americans
    - Ending reconstruction with Southern Democrats
  - Dwight D Eisenhower
    - Never publicly gave support to the movement
    - Civil Rights Act of 1957
    - Reluctantly supported Brown v Board of Education
    - Little Rock, 1957
    - Forced to be a promoter
      - Reactive rather then proactive
    - 'You can't change the heart of men with a law
  - Woodrow Wilson
    - Hosted a screening of 'The Birth of a Nation'
    - Not a promoter (massive racist)
    - A man of his time- relied on Southern votes
    - "segregation is not a humiliation but a benefit"
  - Andrew Johnson
    - Refused redistribution
    - Opposed measures to help the freed slaves
    - Wanted to reduce the rights of African AMericans
    - Barrier rather than a promoter
  - John F Kennedy
    - Democrat- relied on southern White votes
    - Brought in 1963 Civil Rights Bill
      - Death helped the passage of the bill
  - Harry S Truman
    - De-segregated armed forces in 1948
    - First to address NAACP
    - First modern president to consider Black Rights as important
    - His administration published 'To Secure These Rights' in 1947
  - Abraham Lincoln
    - Only wanted to protect the union
    - Wasn't an abolitionist; slavery was sanctioned by the constitution
    - 1862- issued preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, slaves " shall be then, thenceforward and forever free"
    - Only in his interest to be a promoter
      - 'The Great Emancipator
  - Lyndon B Johnson
    - 1964 Civil Rights Act
      - Without him the acts would not have passed
    - 1965 Civil Voting Rights Act
      - Without him the acts would not have passed
    - Lifted racist immigration restrictions
      - designed to preserve a white majority
    - Promoted the Great Society
      - Prevented by Vietnam
  - Ronald Reagan
    - Said in 1980 that the Voting rights Act had been " humiliating to the South
    - Not a promoter
- Individuals
  - Malcolm X
    - Imprisoned from 1947-1952
    - Member of the Nation of Islam
      - Many believe he is responsible for the massive increase in membership; 400 in 1952 to 40,000 in 1960
    - Preached violent revolution; told people not to reject any form of change
    - Promoted a sense of pride and identity in African Americans
      - His speeches drew large crowds; stressed the importance of African traditions and the inherent strength and work of Africans
  - Martin Luther King
    - Charismatic, media friendly
    - Integrationist
      - W.E.B DuBois
        'The Talented Tenth'
        Would lead Black Americans to equality and social and political equality and integration
        
        Spoke with a passion that anticipated the rhetoric of King much more than the dry nationalism of Washington
        
        Niagara Movement-1905
        Pressed for more radical change and laid the foundation for the NAACP in 1909
    - Often relied on others to do the hard work
    - Promoter of non-violent protest
      - Birmingham 1963
        1957-19562- 17 black churches had been bombed in Birmingham
        
        6th April- march on City Hall
        42 arrested
        
        King negotiated with white businessmen
        
        10th April- city officials obtained an injunction prohibiting the demonstrations
        
        Good Friday march
        All protestors arrested; King and Albernathy separated
        
        King spent 8 days in jail; composed 'Letter from a Birmingham Jail'
        Gained national attention
        
        Upon King's realeae, he began to recruit younger protestors; 1000 arrested on 2nd May
        Violent treatment by Bull Connor sparked media attention
        
        SUCCESS
      - Albany 1961
        King supported the Freedom Rides organised by CORE
        Limited his involvement to training participants and to negotiating with the Kennedy administration
        
        Riders were being met with violence
        
        Robert Kennedy ordered the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to ban interstate travel segregation
        Not King's success
        
        15th December 1961- Albernathy organised a march of 250 protestors to Albany City Hall
        All were arrested, yet Pritchett handled the prisoners courteously
        
        FAILURE
      - Selma 1965
        1st February- King and Albernathy led a march of 250 people to the Selma Courthouse to protest slow voter registration
        King and Albernathy arrested and spent 5 days in prison
        
        5th MArch- King tried to convinve Johnson to pass a Voting Rights bill- he declined
        March from Selma to Montgomery planned
        Wallace issued an order prohibiting the march- King and SCLC proceeded, but King didn't lead the march
        500 people began the march, but were met by 60 state troops, cauldry and the town's sheriff
        60 injured, 16 hospitalised
        
        King announced a second march ,which he would lead
        Wallace gained a federal injunction, but King continued
        when the protest was met with violence, King told the crowd to disperse
        Third march reached Montgomery on 24th March
        
        SUCCESS
      - Montgomery 1955/56
        Bus company lost 65% of revenue
        
        Nearly 20,000 blacks supported the action planned for 5th December
        
        Black community set up a network of informal taxi services and carpools
        
        Montgomery Improvement association set up with King as President
        
        Became illegal to segregate in the same way that Parks had experienced
        21st December 1956- King and Albernathy rode the first desegregated bus
        
        SUCCESS
      - Chicago
        King planned a massive rally in Chicago for 10th July (Freedom Sunday)
        King returned to Chicago for freedom Sunday (following James Meredith's assassination)
        Addressed a crowd of 45,000 and nailed a list of grievances to the city hall door
        wanted more money spent on public schools, integration of schools, low rent housing, support of African American run banks
        
        Led to riots by black youths on Chicago's west side-deployment of national Guard
        
        FAILURE
  - Thurgood Marshall
    - first African American to be appointed to the supreme Court
      - Responsible for Brown v board of Education in 1954
      - won 29 out of 32 cases
      - Assissted with Little rock in 1958
  - W.E.B DuBois
    - 'The Talented Tenth'
      - Would lead Black Americans to equality and social and political equality and integration
    - Spoke with a passion that anticipated the rhetoric of King much more than the dry nationalism of Washington
    - Niagara Movement-1905
      - Pressed for more radical change and laid the foundation for the NAACP in 1909
  - Marcus Garvey
    - set up the Universal ***** Improvement Association (UNIA) in Jamaica in 1912
    - Corresponded with Washington and wanted to set up an industrial institute in Jamaica
    - Strong believer in pan-Africanism
    - His speeches drew large crowds; stressed the importance of African traditions and the inherent strength and work of Africans
  - Booker T Washington
    - Born a slave
    - Founded the National ***** Business League (NNBL)
    - Told people to make themselves useful to Whites
      - 'Dip your bucket'
    - Accept white supremcay
    - 'For some 20 years Washington practically ruled black America
    - Gained support of white business community
- Groups
  - NAACP
    - W.E.B DuBois
    - Legal- took cases to the Supreme Court
    - Made up primarily of lawyers
    - Not predominantly led by African Americans
    - Right to vote in primaries-1944
    - 50 local branches and a journal
  - UNIA
    - Marcus Garvey
    - Separation and black nationalism
    - 'Short but spectacular'
    - Used the economic power of modern capitalism to generate enterprises and a major shipping line
    - International support
    - Private army
  - SCLC
    - Martin Luther King
    - Looked for white liberal support, support from organised religion in the South
    - Worked well with other organisations; SNCC, CORE in Washington
    - Wanted to demonstrate mass feeling right of freedom of expression over local state laws preventing demonstrations
    - Grassroots
    - Won white support
  - CORE
    - United white liberal opinion and expertise and they had specific targets which often resulted in tangible progress
    - 2/3 of initial membership= white
    - Freedom RIdes in 1957
    - Grassroots
    - Desegregation on interstate transport
  - BLACK PANTHERS
    - extended previous ideas of armed black groups
    - Excluded whites
    - Economic equality
      - End to economic exploitation
    - Separate juries for Black people
  - NATION OF ISLAM
    - Radicalism and separatism
    - Links with Islam- emotional appeal
    - Reliance on vibrant newspaper and clear ideas of black superiority
    - Voter registration and equal political rights were not priorities
  - SNCC
    - Previously non-violent until James Meredith's murder in 1966
    - 'What we need is Black Power'- Carmichael
    - Isolation and confrontation
    - Celebrated African culture, music, food and hair
    - Pushed people to make much more radical political demands
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African Americans and Civil RIghts

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