Addiction models
- Created by: P.Bradley
- Created on: 04-04-15 08:53
View mindmap
- Addiction Models
- Biological Model
- Initation
- D2A1
- More Likely to initiate in an addictive behaviour e.g. smoking or gambeling
- comings et al- found that 50% of smokers and ex smokers have the D2A1 gene
- comings et al- also found that the gene D2A1 in other disorders such as auticism so it is suggested that it is not only responsible for a addiction
- Bergh et al those with D2A1. Experience a reward from the mesolimbic pathaway
- SLC6A3-9
- Less likely to initiate in an addictive behaviour
- Lerman supported the idea tha the gene SLC6A3-9
- D2A1
- Maitenance
- Schachter et al (1977) Nicotine Regulation model
- Procedure: participants were either given high levels of nicotine cigarettes or low levels. Participant's ciggarette consistency was recoded
- findings: those with higher levels of nicotine in a cigarette smoked less than those who had lower levels of nicotine in their cigarettes
- Those with an addiction like smoking build a tollerance meaning they need higher levels of the addiction to maintain their addiction
- Thorgeirsson (Iceland Smoking study)
- P: smoking history questionnaire on 50,000 Icelanders. Studied the DNA of 10,000 current and former smokers
- They found a gene variation on the chromosome 15 on those smokers who were more nicotine dependent
- Lerman - the reward system: Nicotine increases the amount of dopamine available to the Mesolimbic pathway. They remember the pleasure and the "do it again" feeling
- Schachter et al (1977) Nicotine Regulation model
- Relapse
- Rosenthal and Lesieur- found that pathological showed symptoms of withdrawal when they tried to give up gamberling
- Wray and Dickerson: Gamblers who are prevented from gambling show withdrawal symptoms making them more likely to relapse
- Chiarroci: When giving up gambling pathological gamblers turn to another addiction (Dopamine levels)
- Initation
- Cognitive Model
- Expectancy
- Eiser- Veteran smokers transfer positive expectations to novices
- Brandon et al- costs vs benefits: they expect the benefits to outweigh the cost.
- Mermelstein et al- Adolescents initiate smoking because the expect the benefit of smoking
- Self Efficacy
- Marlett- An individual need a coping response to increase their self efficacy. They experience cravings and lead to re-use (lapse) this lowers the self efficacy (cognitive dissonance) which increases the chance of a full relapse.
- Recall Bias
- Just world hypothesis: Blanco et al (2000)- pathological gamblers suffer recall bias- they only remember the wins and forgetting the losses
- Blanco: They believe they will eventually be rewarded for their efforts- They "deserve" to win
- Coping
- beck's vicious cycle: - Low mood -Using -financial, medical, social problems
- Griffiths- winning wasnt the main aim but staying on the machine was. Losses were classed as "near wins"
- Expectancy
- Behavioural approach
- Social learning theory
- Maintenance
- Lambos et al- Found that peers and family members of pathological gamblers were more likely to approve the addictive behaviour making them maintain the addiction.
- Initiation
- Kendal and Wu- experimental smoking is a result of vicarious reinforcement of peers. They expect positive and social consequences.
- Mayeux- found a positive relationship between smoking and popularity at the age of 16
- Relapse
- Lawrance and Rubison- Self efficacy is needed to be able to quit smoking- many people get told how hard it is to stop smoking which lowers self efficacy making them more likely to relapse.
- Maintenance
- Classical conditioning
- Maintenance
- Fraklin et al: The repetition of smoking creates an association between the sensory aspects of smoking. Smoking related sensory cues rapidly become conditioned stimuli
- Relapse
- Conditioned cues: associated with their gambling behaviour. The stimuli trigger their addictive behaviour. If they come into contact with these stimuli they are more likely to relapse.
- Cues: receiving nicotine and the smell of smoke increases the likelihood of a relapse
- Hogarth et al: Cravings increased significantly when a conditioned stimulus related to smoking.
- Maintenance
- Operant conditioning
- Initiation
- Griffiths found that there are different types or reward which make a pathological gambler initiate in gambling
- Physiological rewards
- Psychological rewards
- Social rewards
- Financial rewards
- Delfabbro and Winefield: Gamblers may not always think rationale, a greater weight maybe given to the experience of winning
- Griffiths found that there are different types or reward which make a pathological gambler initiate in gambling
- Maitenance
- Intermittent reinforcement continue to gamble because reinforcement of the occasional pay out. They get use to the long period of time between rewards.
- Lambos- found problem gamblers who had peer or family members who accept and reinforce their gambling they are more likely to maintain.
- Relapse
- Gambling have positive and negative consequence. They are conflicted between wanting to quit and wanting to carry on
- Initiation
- Social learning theory
- Biological Model
- Coping
- beck's vicious cycle: - Low mood -Using -financial, medical, social problems
- Griffiths- winning wasnt the main aim but staying on the machine was. Losses were classed as "near wins"
Comments
No comments have yet been made