Achievement Motivation, Attribution, and Aggression
- Created by: LeJRichards
- Created on: 11-05-16 16:17
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- Achievement Motivation
- The drive to achieve success for its own sake
- Personality Factors
- Need to Achieve (Nach)
- Need to Avoid Failure (Naf)
- Situational Factors
- Probability of Success
- Incentive Value of Success
- Nach
- likes challenge
- likes feedback
- not afraid of failure
- high task persistence
- will choose difficult or demanding tasks
- Naf
- avoids challenges
- does not take risks
- often gives up
- does not want feedback
- choose tasks which are less risky and more easily achieved
- Low Probability of Success
- sportsperson has to strive to win
- incentive to achieve success is very high
- sportsperson very happy if they win
- High Probability of Success
- sportsperson doesn't need to try too hard to win
- incentive to achieve is low
- a win is not as pleasing to the performer
- Promoting Nach
- increase positive reinforcement
- achieveable goals
- ensure some situations guarantee success
- gradually increase task difficulty
- ensure tasks are challenging
- ensure probability of success is good
- ensure the incentive value of the success is high
- Reducing Naf
- reduce punishment
- focus negative feedback on effort rather than ability
- avoid performer believing failure is due to internal factors
- reduces risk of learned helplessness
- avoid situations where defeat or failure is inevitable
- alter the criteria for success
- Attribution
- The process of giving reasons for behaviour and ascribing causes for effects
- Weiner's Model
- has four attributions
- ability
- effort
- luck
- task difficulty
- attributions are arranged in two dimensions
- locus of causality
- internal
- external
- stability
- stable
- unstable
- locus of causality
- High achievers attribute success to internal factors and failure to external factors
- Low achievers attribute success to external factors and failure to internal factors
- If we attribute success or failure to internal factors then we expect the same next time
- has four attributions
- Attribution Retraining
- changes a person's tendency to acribe reasons for success or failure so it is more like that of a successful performer
- attributions affect pride, satisfaction, and expectancy of success
- pride and satisfaction are maximised if success is attributed to internal factors and motivation is enhanced
- if success is attributed to external and uncontrollable factors then satisfaction would be less intense and motivation less
- if failure is attributed to internal controllable factors then the overpowering emotion would be dissatisfaction and motivation would be reduced
- Self-Serving Bias
- successful performers take credit for success
- attribute success to their own outstanding qualities
- enhances feelings of self-esteem, pride, and self-worth
- blame external factors for failure and avoids internal, controllable, and stable factors even if factors are true
- people protect their self-esteem rather than look for true attributions which would reflect the reality of the situation
- Learned Helplessness
- repeated failure can lead to learned helplessness
- a belief acquired over time that one has no control over events and that failure is inevitable
- characterised by a feeling of hopelessness in which as person with physical potential to achieve highly in sport no longer feels it is possible for them to do so
- general (global) learned heplessness
- feeling of failure is applied to all sports
- specific learned helplessness
- feeling of failure is applied to a specific sport or group of sports
- Aggression
- Aggression is the intention to injure or harm outside the rules of the game
- Assertion is the use of force within the rules of the game
- Antecedents of Aggression
- physiological arousal
- underdeveloped moral reasoning
- bracketed morality
- high environmental temperature
- reaction to a hostile crowd
- losing
- frustration at poor performance
- physical pain
- unfair officiating
- retaliation to an incident
- pressure to win or succeed
- copying behaviour of others
- 'grudge match'
- Theories of Aggression
- Instinct Theory
- aggression is innate and instinctive
- Frustration-Aggression Theory
- aggression is caused by frustration as the sportsperson is blocked of their goal
- causes a drive towards the cause of the frustration
- Social Learning Theory
- aggression is learned by observation of others' behaviour
- imitation of this behaviour is reinforced by social acceptance of this aggressive behaviour
- Aggressive Cue Hypothesis
- frustration causes anger and arousal which creates a readiness for aggression
- the aggression can then be initiated by an incident during the erformance or game
- Instinct Theory
- Deindividuation
- people behave differently when by themselves compared to in a crowd
- contrast between behaviour in a crowd at work and in a sports setting
- Responsibility
- performer must accept that aggression is the wrong thing to do and must modify their behaviour accordingly
- influential others can exert a moderating influence on the performer
- coaches
- teacher
- officials
- parents
- Controlling Aggressive Behaviour
- Governing Bodies
- use strong officials where appropriate
- implement punishment (remove points etc.)
- reward non-aggressive acts
- encourage suitable use of language
- attempt to reduce media sensationalism in connection with aggression
- Coaches and Players
- implement stress management and relaxation techniques
- initiate self-control strategies
- attemt to reduce arousal levels in players
- performance goals rather than outcome goals
- maintain a healthy will-to-win attitude without making it everything
- remove players from the field if they are at risk of aggression
- channel aggression towards a performance goals
- use peer pressure to avoid 'letting the side down'
- Governing Bodies
- Attribution
- The process of giving reasons for behaviour and ascribing causes for effects
- Weiner's Model
- has four attributions
- ability
- effort
- luck
- task difficulty
- attributions are arranged in two dimensions
- locus of causality
- internal
- external
- stability
- stable
- unstable
- locus of causality
- High achievers attribute success to internal factors and failure to external factors
- Low achievers attribute success to external factors and failure to internal factors
- If we attribute success or failure to internal factors then we expect the same next time
- has four attributions
- Attribution Retraining
- changes a person's tendency to acribe reasons for success or failure so it is more like that of a successful performer
- attributions affect pride, satisfaction, and expectancy of success
- pride and satisfaction are maximised if success is attributed to internal factors and motivation is enhanced
- if success is attributed to external and uncontrollable factors then satisfaction would be less intense and motivation less
- if failure is attributed to internal controllable factors then the overpowering emotion would be dissatisfaction and motivation would be reduced
- Self-Serving Bias
- successful performers take credit for success
- attribute success to their own outstanding qualities
- enhances feelings of self-esteem, pride, and self-worth
- blame external factors for failure and avoids internal, controllable, and stable factors even if factors are true
- people protect their self-esteem rather than look for true attributions which would reflect the reality of the situation
- Learned Helplessness
- repeated failure can lead to learned helplessness
- a belief acquired over time that one has no control over events and that failure is inevitable
- characterised by a feeling of hopelessness in which as person with physical potential to achieve highly in sport no longer feels it is possible for them to do so
- general (global) learned heplessness
- feeling of failure is applied to all sports
- specific learned helplessness
- feeling of failure is applied to a specific sport or group of sports
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