Accent and Dialect Theorists
- Created by: sophie.pritchard
- Created on: 21-05-19 09:35
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- English Language Accent & Dialect Theorists
- Pronunciation
- William Labov (New York) 1972
- Post Vocalic 'r'
- 'r' is the prestigious variable
- formal situations
- more common with lower-middle class
- Informal Situations
- more common with upper middle class
- Peter Trudgill 1974
- prestigious variable 'ng'
- women of each class pronounce 'ing' more than men of the same class
- Women over-report and men under-report
- Conducted study in Norwich
- William Labov Martha's Vineyard 1972
- Fishermen would make their language sound more different than tourists (divergence)
- Peter Trudgill RP 1983
- Women's pronunciation was closer to RP (usually seen as most prestigious) than men's
- Malcolm Petyt
- Social Climbing in Bradford
- Studied omission of initial /h/ in speech (h-dropping)
- lower middle class 12% h-drop
- lower-working class 93% h-drop
- Conscious effort moving up the social ladder & hyper correction
- William Labov (New York) 1972
- Attitudes
- Howard Giles 1970's
- Matched Guise Experiment
- 3 different lecturers, 3 different accents conducting same lecture
- Scores given in terms of status, personality & persuasiveness
- RP was ranked first
- Dixon, Mahoney & ***** 2002
- Perceived guilty of a person who was said to have committed a crime increased when they heard a ‘brummie’ or Birmingham accent
- Philip Howard 1993
- “The point of regional pronunciations is to enable one tribe of pronouncers to feel superior to another”
- Workman 2008
- Listened to different accents, looking at peoples photos and rating intelligence
- Yorkshire rated most intelligent and Birmingham rated least intelligent
- Howard Giles 1970's
- Dialects
- William Labov BEV 1972
- Black English Venacular
- Incomplete form of expression derived from deprivation in the black community
- Independent dialect of English
- Mark Sebba 1990’s
- London Jamaican English
- Evolved from language needs of immigrant communities
- Phonological,lexical & grammatical elements of: Caribbean creoles, cockney, SE & RP
- David Rosewarne 1984
- Coined the term Estury English
- Modified region of speech in between RP & Cockney
- Features Glottal stop
- William Labov BEV 1972
- Other Theories
- Milroy
- Belfast Study, Open or closed social networks
- OPEN network = person whose contacts know each other (high density)
- CLOSED network = person whose contacts don’t know each other (low density)
- Kerswell
- Dialect Levelling
- Urbanisation is a key driver
- Varieties mix and dilute as rural lifestyles become more unpopular & push towards cities + towns
- Mark Thompson 2008
- Made a conscious effort to move away from 'BBC English' for people to see a wider range of accounts on BBC
- Tajfel 1978
- personal vs group identities - we identify and adopt persona's at different times
- Howard Giles 1970's
- Accommodation Theory
- we adjust our speech to accommodate the person we're addressing
- results in divergence or convergence; convergence decreases the social difference between people
- Accommodation Theory
- Milroy
- Education
- Milroy & Milroy 1985
- Children struggle at school as standard English is unfamiliar
- Suggests that all varieties of English should be valued equally & not discouraged
- John Honey 1997
- Children should be taught standard English at school
- Gives children equal opportunities
- Non-standard is a barrier to universal communication
- Biadialectism within children
- Children should be taught standard English at school
- Jenny Cheshire 1982
- Studied speech of adolescent girls & boys
- Boys tend to use more non-standard grammatical forms
- Sue Fox 2000’s
- Analysed language use of adolescents in Greater London
- Multicultural London English
- Acquired by second-language speakers in second-language acquisition, drawn from white, black & Asian communities
- ‘Jafaican’
- Seligman, Tucker & Lambert + Choy & Dodd 1976
- Found teachers perceptions of students were shaped by their accents
- Gary Ives 2013
- Inner city Bradford school
- Studied British Asian students about use of Punjabi and how used it alongside English
- Penelope Eckert 2000
- High School ethnography, Jocks + Burnouts
- People tend to speak more like their social groups than same social demographic
- Milroy & Milroy 1985
- Pronunciation
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