A2 Approaches
- Created by: Byrney27
- Created on: 01-06-20 10:54
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- A2 Approaches
- Psychodynamic approach (1st force)
- Often associated with Freud, theorised that mental activity
is mostly unconscious and it shapes people’s behaviour.
- Traumatic childhood experiences pushed into the unconscious mind can lead to mental disorders
- The psyche
- Ego
- Rational part – reality principle Balances ID and superego. 18 months – 3 years Conscious and unconscious parts of the mind.
- ID
- Immediate gratification/ seeks pleasure Selfish/ hedonistic Innate instincts for sex/ aggression Birth – 18 months Unreasonable behaviour Unconscious part of the mind.
- Superego
- Moral part – morality principle. Ideas of how to behave adopted from parents/ society during phallic stage as consequence of resolving Oedipus/ Electra complex. Makes us feel guilt. 3-6 years. Conscious and unconscious parts of the mind.
- Ego
- States of mind
- Preconcious - contains material that can be brought to the concious when directly thought of - 10% to 15%
- Unconcious - complete lack of acces - 75% to 80%
- Concious - we are aware of our thoughts - 10%
- Psychosexual stages
- Phallic
- 3.5 to 6 years, genitals are the main source of pleasure
- Oedipus/ Electra complex
- Successful completion = identifies with same sex parent. Unresolved conflict = phallic personality
- 3.5 to 6 years, genitals are the main source of pleasure
- Anal
- 18 months - 3.5 years, defecation is the main source of pleasure
- Successful completion = potty trained. Unresolved conflict = anally retentive/ expulsive personality
- Over gratified = no comment when defecates. Under gratified = punishment/ humiliation when defecates
- 18 months - 3.5 years, defecation is the main source of pleasure
- Latency
- 6 years to puberty, main focus is developing same sex friendships/ hobbies
- No requirement for completion
- 6 years to puberty, main focus is developing same sex friendships/ hobbies
- Oral
- 0-18 months, mouth is the main source of pleasure
- Successful completion = weaning. Unresolved conflict = oral fixation
- Over gratified = endlessly feeding. Under gratified = restricted feeding times/ amounts
- 0-18 months, mouth is the main source of pleasure
- Genital
- Puberty onward. Genitals are main source of pleasure, less so than Phallic stage
- Successful completion = development of healthy adult relations. Unresolved conflict = difficulty forming straight relationships
- Puberty onward. Genitals are main source of pleasure, less so than Phallic stage
- Phallic
- Ego defence mechanism
- Displacement
- Emotions directed away from source/ target towards other things
- Repression
- Burying unpleasant thought of desire in unconscious
- Denial
- Threatening thought is ignored/ treated as if false
- Displacement
- Often associated with Freud, theorised that mental activity
is mostly unconscious and it shapes people’s behaviour.
- Humanistic approach (3rd force)
- Rogers and Maslow (1950)
- · Holistic, anti-reductionist. No point looking at one aspect of an individual, multiple factors, don’t focus on childhood
- Free will, self-determining and active agents. Choose what we do and in control of our behaviour
- Idiographic, anti-nomothetic. All unique, no point trying to generalise to groups
- Maslow's hierarchy of needs
- Social needs
- Self-esteem needs
- Safety needs
- Self-actualisation
- Physiological needs
- Carl Rogers
- The purpose of
Rogers’ therapy (client-centred therapy) is to increase feelings of self-esteem
by showing unconditional positive regard to reduce incongruence by closing the
gap.
- Self-concept – how they see themselves
- Ideal self – the person they wishes to be
- Congruence or incongruence – how close or fare apart they
are
- Congruence; when the self-concept and ideal self broadly match
- Incongruence; when a gap exists between a person’s self-concept and their ideal self
- Conditions of worth – when a parent places limits/ boundaries on their love for their children.
- Unconditional positive regard – providing affection/ respect without conditions attached.
- The purpose of
Rogers’ therapy (client-centred therapy) is to increase feelings of self-esteem
by showing unconditional positive regard to reduce incongruence by closing the
gap.
- Rogers and Maslow (1950)
- Psychodynamic approach (1st force)
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