A-Level PE Anatomy and Physiology Year 1
- Created by: Sarah-Edgar
- Created on: 11-01-20 14:32
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- Skeletal and Muscular Systems
- Synovial Joints
- Ligaments
- Tough band of elastic connective tissue
- Connects bone to bone and stabilises joints.
- Synovial Fluid
- Lubricating fluid in the joint cavity.
- Reduces friction.
- Articular Cartilage
- Smooth tissue that covers articulating bones.
- Absorbs shock and allows friction-free movement
- Joint Capsule
- Fibrous sac with an inner synovial membrane.
- Encloses and strengthens the joint, secreting synovial fluid.
- Bursa
- Fluid filled sac where tendons rub over bones.
- Reduces friction between tendons and bones.
- Ligaments
- Types of Muscle Contraction
- Isotonic
- Concentric - Muscle shortens when contracting
- Eccentric - Muscle lengthens when contracting
- Isometric
- Muscle contracts but doesn't change length.
- Isotonic
- Movement Analysis
- Ankle
- Hinge joint
- Tibia, Fibula, Talus
- Sagittal plane
- Dorsi Flexion - Tibialis anterior.
- Plantar Flexion - Gastrocnemius
- Knee
- Hinge joint
- Femus and tibia
- Sagittal plane
- Flexion - Biceps femoris
- Extension - Rectus femoris
- Hip
- Ball and socket joint
- Pelvis and femur
- Sagittal plane
- Flexion - Illopsoas
- Extension - Gluteus maximus
- Frontal plane
- Adduction - Adductor group (longus)
- Abduction - Gluteus medius and minimus
- Shoulder
- Ball and socket joint
- Humerus and scapula
- Sagittal plane
- Flexion - Anterior deltoid
- Extension - Posterior deltoid
- Frontal plane
- Adduction - Latissimus dorsi
- Abduction - Middle deltoid
- Transverse plane
- Hroizontal flexion - Pectoralis major
- Horizontal extension - Posterior deltoid and teres minor
- Medial Rotation - Teres minor and subscapularis
- Lateral rotation - Teres minor and infraspinatous
- Elbow
- Hinge joint
- Humerus, Radius, Ulna
- Sagittal plane
- Flexion - Biceps brachii
- Extension - Triceps brachii
- Wrist
- Condyloid joint
- Radius, ulna, carpals.
- Sagittal plane
- Flexion - Wrist flexors
- Extension - Wrist extendors
- Ankle
- Planes of Movement
- Sagittal
- Side to side
- Flexion and extension
- Frontal
- Front and back
- Abduction and adduction.
- Sagittal
- Muscular Contraction
- Defenitions
- Motor Neurone - a nerve cell which conducts a nerve impulse to a group of muscle fibres,
- Motor Unit - a motor neurone and the muscle fibres stimulated by its axon.
- Process
- 1: Nerve impulse initiated in the motor neuron cell body.
- 2: Nerve impulse conducted down the axon of the motor neuron by an action potential to the synaptic cleft.
- 3: Neurotransmitter ACL is secreted into the synaptic cleft to conduct the nerve impulse across the gap.
- 4: If the electrical charge is above a threshold, the muscle fibre will contract.
- 5: This happens in an "all-or-none" fashion.
- Defenitions
- Muscle Fibres
- Slow Oxidative
- Small neuron
- Few muscle fibres per neuron
- Lots of capillaries
- Lots of mitochondria
- Lots of myoglobin
- Low PC stores
- Sub-maximal wok
- Quick recovery time
- Slow speed of contraction
- Low force of contraction
- High fatigue resistance
- High aerobic capacity
- Fast Oxidative Glycolytic
- Large neurons
- Lots of muscle fibres per neuron
- Lots of capillaries
- Medium amount of mitochondria
- Moderate amount of myoglobin
- High PC stores
- Fast speed of contraction
- High force of contraction
- Moderate fatigue resistance
- Moderate aerobic capacity
- High intensity athletes :800m runners
- Fast Glycolytic
- Little myoglobin stores
- Few mitochondria
- High PC stores
- Large neuron size
- Fast speed of contraction
- Lots of fibres per neuron
- High force of contraction
- Few capillaries
- Low fatigue resistance
- Low aerobic capacity
- Explosive athletes e.g. long jump
- Long recovery time
- Slow Oxidative
- Synovial Joints
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