4A - Alkanes


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  • Created by: Strelly22
  • Created on: 26-03-21 08:09
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  • 4A - Alkanes
    • Definitions
      • Hydrocarbon
        • a compound of hydrogen and carbon only
      • Alicyclic
        • containing carbon atoms joined together in a ring that isn't aromatic
      • Aliphatic
        • containing carbon atoms joined together in straignt or branched chains
      • Aromatic
        • containing 1 or more benzene ring
      • Saturated
        • containing single bonds only
      • Unsaturated
        • containing a multiple carbon-carbon bond
      • Homologous Series
        • a series of organic compounds with the same functional group; but with each successive member differing by CH2
      • Functional Group
        • the part of the organic molecule responsible for its chemical reactions
      • Structural Isomers
        • compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae
    • Types of formulae
      • Molecular
        • The actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule
      • Empirical
        • The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound
      • Skeletal
        • A simplified organic formula with the hydrogen atoms removed from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton associated functional groups
      • Structural
        • The minimal detail shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule
      • Displayed
        • The relative positioning of all the atoms in a molecule, including the bonds between them
    • Naming organic compounds
      • Alkane
        • C-C
        • -ane
      • Alkene
        • C=C
        • -ene
      • Haloalkane
        • R-Cl, R-Br, R-I
        • chloro-, bromo-, iodo-
      • Alcohol
        • -OH
        • -ol
      • Aldehyde
        • R-C=O     C-H
        • -al
      • Ketone
        • R-C=O  C-R
        • -one
      • Carboxylic Acid
        • R-C-OH  C=O
        • -oic acid
    • Isomerism
      • Position isomers
        • the HC chain stays the same in these isomers, but the functional group is found in different positions
        • word part stays the same, numbers are different
      • Chain isomers
        • Chain may be branched or unbranched
        • stem names are different
      • Functional group isomers
        • the functional group is different
        • the prefix or suffix indicating the functional group in the name changes
        • eg. alkenes and cycloalkanes
    • Alkanes
      • Chain Length
        • as the number of Cs increase, so does the strength of the London forces
      • Branching
        • boiling points decrease with increasing branching

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