4.1.3 alkenes mindmap
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- Created on: 25-02-22 19:47
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- alkenes
- test for alkenes
- shake alkene with orange bromine water
- decolourises
- Br adds across, forming di- bromoalkane
- decolourises
- shake alkene with orange bromine water
- contains double bonds
- causes restrictive rotation
- contains pi bond
- sideways overlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below the bonding C atoms
- contains sigma bond
- overlap of orbitals directly between the bonding atoms)
- contains pi bond
- causes restrictive rotation
- shape of alkenes
- trigonal planar
- bond angle of 120 degrees
- the electron pairs repel each other equally
- no lone pairs
- the electron pairs repel each other equally
- aliphatic
- unsaturated
- stereoisomers
- compounds
with the same structural formula but with a different arrangement in space
- E/Z isomerism
- caused by restrictive rotation around double C bond
- requires two different groups to be attached to each carbon atom of the C=C group
- caused by restrictive rotation around double C bond
- E/Z isomerism
- cis/trans isomerism
- a form of E/Z isomerism
- two of the substituent groups attached to each carbon atom of the C=C group are the same
- a form of E/Z isomerism
- compounds
with the same structural formula but with a different arrangement in space
- reactivity
- more reactive than alkanes
- alkanes only contain sigma bonds
- therefore have higher bond enthalpy
- because they have a higher elec. density
- therefore have higher bond enthalpy
- alkanes are non-polar
- requires more energy to react/break
- alkenes contain sigma and pi bonds
- pi bonds are weaker and have lower elec. density
- lower bond enthalpy
- likely to be attacked by electrophiles
- electron pair acceptors
- pi bonds are weaker and have lower elec. density
- alkanes only contain sigma bonds
- hydrogenation
- Ni catalyst, 150C
- hydration
- H2PO4 catalyst, 300C, steam
- heterolytic fission
- H2PO4 catalyst, 300C, steam
- more reactive than alkanes
- markownikoff's rule
- the major product from addition of a H halide to an unsymmetrical alkene
- one where the hydrogen adds to the carbon with the most hydrogens alr attached
- major product more likely to form
- tertiary/secon-dary carbocation more stable than primary carbocation
- the major product from addition of a H halide to an unsymmetrical alkene
- test for alkenes
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