2.3 Energy and ATP

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  • Energy and ATP
    • Structure
      • Adenine
      • 3 phosphate molecules
      • Ribose
    • How ATP stores energy
      • Unstable bonds between phosphate molecules
        • Low activation energy- easily broken
        • When broken release energy
        • Broken via hydrolysis- catalysed by ATPase (ATP hydrolase)
    • Synthesis of ATP
      • Condensation reaction catalysed by ATP synthase
      • Occurs in 3 ways
        • In plant and animal cells during respiration
          • Oxidative phosphorylati
        • In plant and animal cells when donor phosphate groups are transferred from donor molecules to ATP
          • substrate-level phosphorylati
    • The use of ATP in cells
      • Metabolic processes
        • provides the energy to build up macromolecules from their basic units
      • Movement
        • Provides energy for muscle contraction
      • Secretion
        • needed to for lysosomes for the secretion of cell products
      • Activation of molecules
        • the inorganic phosphate can be used to phosphorylate other compound to make them more reactive
          • lowering activation energy in enzyme-catalysed reactions
      • Active Transport
        • provides the energy to change the shape of carrier proteins
    • Why is ATP a better immediate energy source than glucose?
      • ATP releases less energy than glucose so is more manageable
      • The hydrolysis of ATP to ADP is a single reaction. Whereas the breakdown of glucose is many

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