1625-1629
- Created by: LamisaAmber
- Created on: 09-05-17 08:37
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- Charles' Rule 1625-1629
- James' Legacy
- Religion
- Wanted to continue Middle Way through broad church to diffuse tensions between Puritans and Anti-Calvinists. Protestants fear Catholic invasion e.g. Gunpowder Plot & want reform of CofE. Underlying problems of religious disunity
- Finance
- Elizabeth left crown solvent but James left it in £800,000 debt - extravagant spending. Poor sources of crown revenue exacerbate problems e.g. selling titles and crown lands. Financial insecurity and lack of power for Charles - Parliament has power over him
- Foreign Policy
- 30 years war in Europe - Catholics vs Protestants. HRE 1618 replaced by Catholic Ferdinand - James has reason to get involved. Catholic victories - Elizabeth (James' daughter exiled from Palatinate. Tried to be peacekeeper = Parl suspicious of his motives - fear catholicism
- Religion
- Finance
- Forced Loan 1626
- Extracted 5 subsidies worth of money on all taxpayers to fund wars
- Arminians willing, 76 refused to pay (arrested), Charles believed it was his prerogative to do so
- Only 70% collected, some judges e.g. Carew refused to enforce it, 76 refused, Abbott suspended for not licensing propaganda
- 5 Knights Case
- 5 main FL resistors - claimed a writ of Habeas Corpus
- Represents parliament challenging King's prerogative but C's judgement upheld
- Hostility towards Charles in Third Parliament as a result - arbitrary arrests
- 5 main FL resistors - claimed a writ of Habeas Corpus
- Arminians willing, 76 refused to pay (arrested), Charles believed it was his prerogative to do so
- Extracted 5 subsidies worth of money on all taxpayers to fund wars
- Tunnage and Poundage
- Continued to collect it without parliament's consent
- Abuse of his royal prerogative and dismissing parliaments privileges
- Continued to collect it without parliament's consent
- First Parliament (1625)
- Used power of purse against him - only granted £140,000 of £1million war expenditure, and only T&P for one year not life
- Attack on prerogative? - continued to collect T&P C financially weak
- Used power of purse against him - only granted £140,000 of £1million war expenditure, and only T&P for one year not life
- FP
- Compounded financial problems - needed Parl to grant money to fund his numerous wars
- Forced Loan 1626
- Religion
- Fear of Catholicism - theological concern; feared absolutism
- Parliament largely Puritan, Charles Arminian = clashes
- Arminianism too similar to Catholicism
- York House Conference - Buckingham associates himself with Arminians
- Many believe he wants to establish an absolutist state and Catholic church
- First Parliament (June-August 1625)
- Lack of harmony - attack on growth of Arminianism
- Generated by Catholic successes in 30 years war, French catholics in court, influence of highchurch men in court
- Birmingham and Charles took advice from Laud - alarmed by his excessive zeal
- Generated by Catholic successes in 30 years war, French catholics in court, influence of highchurch men in court
- Lack of harmony - attack on growth of Arminianism
- Marriage to Henrietta Maria
- Catholic - married and fills court with French Catholic servants
- Suspicion of crypto-Catholicisim
- Third Parliament 1629
- Very hostile, dominated by discussion of Arminians
- Exacerbated by promotion of leading Arminians such as Laud to Bishop of London
- Three Resolutions: condemned innovations in religion, Arminianism as popery
- Arrested 9 MPs and dissolved Parliament
- Re-admittance of Archbishop Abbott didn't quell fears
- Very hostile, dominated by discussion of Arminians
- Fear of Catholicism - theological concern; feared absolutism
- Parliamentary Radicals
- Attempts to impeach Buckingham and Montagu
- Results in king dissolving parl = no coooperation
- Edward Coke and John Eliot
- PofR - direct challenge to kings prerog
- 3 Resolutions - extreme measures to ensure its reading - MPs arrested = tension
- Unprecedented!!!
- 3 Resolutions - extreme measures to ensure its reading - MPs arrested = tension
- PofR - direct challenge to kings prerog
- Attempts to impeach Buckingham and Montagu
- Buckingham
- York House Conference
- Championed Laud and Montagu - support for Arminians clear - Charles' wishes more than Bham's?
- His death = Charles becomes more hostile to Parliament and removes himself form public life
- Used as a scapegoat to attack Charles' policies
- Heavily involved in foreign policy - largely failed = criticism of his advice, character and motives
- Increased tensions between Parliament and King - illustrated in his impeachment and assassination
- York House Conference
- PP vs RP
- Charles' Character
- Seemingly smooth accession, blameless moral character
- Royal prerogative and DR of K - reluctant to explain motives
- Favourites e.g. Buckingham
- Leaned towards Arminianism
- Asserted prerogative more frequently and extensively
- Power of King
- Privy Council - advisors, Local Gov - JP, Prerogative Law Courts, The Church, Central Administraton
- Petition of Right, 5 Knights Case, Three Resolutions
- Parliament don't want to replace King's power but preserve the traditional form of constitutional monarchy
- Charles exceeding traditional rights, appears absolutist
- Charles' Character
- Foreign Policy
- Trip to Madrid 1623
- anti-Spanish stance spurred by failed Trip to Madrid
- Attempt to court Spanish infanta, refuses, Charles taken Prisoner
- Charles and Buckingham declare war on Spain, need subsidies - Parl reluctant
- Attempt to court Spanish infanta, refuses, Charles taken Prisoner
- anti-Spanish stance spurred by failed Trip to Madrid
- Cadiz Expedition (Oct 1625)
- £500,000 used to prepare fleet - still short of essentials
- Landed, got drunk, sickness swept through = farce - crept home in humiliation
- £500,000 used to prepare fleet - still short of essentials
- La Rochelle Expedition (June 1627)
- Agreed to crush Hugenots (Protestant French rebels) as part of marriage treaty
- Reversed by Bham - helps Huguenots = at war with France now too
- Scaling ladders too short, French made peace with them = useless and money spent
- Reversed by Bham - helps Huguenots = at war with France now too
- Agreed to crush Hugenots (Protestant French rebels) as part of marriage treaty
- Mansfield Expedition (Jan 1625)
- 6000 English men to support German protestant Mansfield
- Troops poorly equipped, 4000 died of starvation, angered Parl, reluctant to grant funds
- 6000 English men to support German protestant Mansfield
- 2nd Parl (Feb 1626)
- Many discontent against Bhma and FP failures - used as a scapegoat
- Demand enquiry into Cadiz Expedition and 1624 subsidy spending
- Prepare Bham's impeachment-Charles dissolves parl, abandoning subsidies - war effort = desperate state
- Demand enquiry into Cadiz Expedition and 1624 subsidy spending
- Many discontent against Bhma and FP failures - used as a scapegoat
- Third Parliament (March 1628)
- Offered king 5 subsidies and T&P but had to sign Petition of Right
- Identified threats: disasters at home and abroad, innovations in religion
- Charles dissolves Parliament
- Identified threats: disasters at home and abroad, innovations in religion
- Offered king 5 subsidies and T&P but had to sign Petition of Right
- Trip to Madrid 1623
- James' Legacy
- Used as a scapegoat to attack Charles' policies
- Heavily involved in foreign policy - largely failed = criticism of his advice, character and motives
- Increased tensions between Parliament and King - illustrated in his impeachment and assassination
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