11. The Crusades
- Created by: xmeganbakerx
- Created on: 28-04-21 13:00
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- 11. The Crusades
- Defining 'Crusade'
- A series of military endeavours carried out by Latin Christians.
- Religiously inspired and sanctioned by Church authorities.
- Ultimate aim of liberating Christianity from its oppressors and bringing Holy Places back under Christian control.
- Most notably Jerusalem.
- Varying views on Crusades
- Popularists - crusade defined by groundswell of religious enthusiasm among masses of Christian Europe, not specifically papal or geopolitical factors.
- Pilgrimage
- Crusades preceded by 1064 Great German pilgrimage.
- Pilgrimage on rise in 11th c.
- Way of displaying piety and devolution and seeking redemption for grave sin.
- Council of Clermont in Nov 1095 - Pope Urban II urged those who heard it to arm themselves and liberate eastern churches.
- Motivations
- Massive fear of damnation.
- Not a dichotomy between religious motivations and self-interest.
- Papal control can be over-emphasised
- Gregory VII in 1074 called for similar endeavour but wasn't followed.
- When calling for 1st Crusade, Urban II was following his predecessors.
- Societal benefits for participating:
- Lay piety
- Local abbeys
- Networks of elites
- The Turks
- Geopolitical reasons for Crusades.
- In late 11th c. Manzikert in modern-day Turkey pushed back Byzantine Empire.
- Rise of Seljuk Turks, seen as barbaric peoples.
- Trade
- L. and Christian Europe given expansion of long-distance trade, particularly with Italian city-states.
- Calling of 1st Crusade linked with Anatolian geopolitics.
- Politics of near east important to L. and Byzantine Europe with increasing intensity.
- Inspired Alexios I to call for assistance in defending imperial interests.
- Siege of Jerusalem
- Jerusalem was sieged for less than a month before it fell.
- Islamic writers later put death toll at 70k but they had an agenda.
- Merchants from Italian city-states supported colonisation of the region, assisting in capture of Beirut among other cities.
- Crusades apparently massacred so many people that they waded through blood.
- A reference to Revelations 14:20.
- Difficult to estimate extent of atrocities.
- Little extraction of resources except relics.
- Crusader states
- 1st Crusade ended with conquest of Jerusalem, resulting in Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem.
- Largest and most significant crusader state but others were established en route.
- Crusader states included:
- Country of Edessa (1098)
- Principality of Antioch (1098)
- Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099)
- County of Tripoli (1102)
- Kingdom of Cyprus (1192)
- Crusaders applied European feudal model, resembling Europe.
- Baldwin 1st king to be elected in Jerusalem but then became hereditary rule.
- People originally there a mix of mainly Syro-Christians and muslims bu also Jews.
- Crusaders mainly in countryside to cultivate the land.
- We don't know the extent to which there was mixing between natives and Franks.
- Crusader states weakened by:
- Demography
- External attacks
- Internal quarrels
- 1st Crusade ended with conquest of Jerusalem, resulting in Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem.
- Flags of Military Orders
- Initial three:
- Knights Templar, to protect pilgrims in 1120s
- Knights Hospitaller, grew out of monastic order in Jerusalem
- Teutonic Knights, founded around 1192.
- Idea of military order - people could live quasi-monastic life but still put military training in use to the Church.
- Popular for European nobles to devote funds to orders instead of participating in Crusades.
- Crusaders' castles still surround near east.
- Initial three:
- Defining 'Crusade'
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