AS Psychology Methods
- Created by: pixiefairy15
- Created on: 15-05-13 19:07
What is the definition of opportunity sampling?
Using the people available at the time
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What is an advantage of opportunity sampling?
quick and convenient
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What is a disadvantage of opportunity sampling?
can be biased and unrepresentative, ethics
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What is the definition of self-selected sampling?
the participants volunteer to take part in the study
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What is an advantage of self-selected sampling?
unbiased, quick & convenient
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What is a disadvantage of self-selected sampling?
unrepresentative of target population
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What is the definition of random sampling?
each member of the target population has an equal chance of being chosen
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What is an advantage of random sampling?
unbiased & representative sample
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What is a disadvantage of random sampling?
time consuming
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What is an experimental hypothesis?
a hypothesis for an experiment
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What is a research hypothesis?
a hypothesis for research other than experiments
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What does an alternate hypothesis do?
predicts that there will be a relationship between the IV & DV/co-variables
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What does a null hypothesis do?
predicts that there will not be a relationship between the IV & DV/co-variables
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What does a one-tailed hypothesis do?
does not predict a direction for the relationship between the IV & DV/co-variables
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What does a two-tailed hypothesis do?
predicts the direction of the relationship between the IV & DV/co-variables
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What does 'operationalising variables' mean?
making variables measurable
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What ethics do studies need to abide by?
informed consent, deception, right to withdraw, harm, privacy, confidentiality
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What is an experiment?
A way of studying behaviour that manipulates variables
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What is the definition of a lab experiment?
the IV is maniuplated in a controlled environment
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What is an advantage of a lab experiment?
it can establish that the IV caused the DV, easy to replicate, fewer extraneous variables
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What is a disadvantage of a lab experiment?
can lack EV &have demancd characteristics
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What is the definition of a field experiment?
the IV is manipulated in a natural environment
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What is an advantage of a field experiment?
High EV & fewer demand characteristics
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What is a disadvantage of a field experiment?
can have ethical issues, more ex vs
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What is the definition of a quasi experiment?
has a naturally occuring IV
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What is an advantage of a quasi experiment?
depends if conducted in lab or field
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What is a disadvantage of a quasi experiment?
can't be sure if ex vs are affecting the results
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What is the definition of repeated measures?
all participants experience all conditions
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What is an advantage of repeated measures?
participant variables do not affect the results, not many participants needed
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What is a disadvantage of repeated measures?
demand characteristics and order effects can affect the results
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What is the definition of independant measures?
different participants are used for each condition
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What is an advantage of independant measures?
there are no demand characteristics or order effects
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What is a disadvantage of independant measures?
uses lots of participants, participant variables can affect the results
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What is the definition of matched pairs?
participants are put into groups based on characteristics
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What is an advantage of matched pairs?
fewer participant variables, no order effects
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What is a disadvantage of matched pairs?
needs lots of participants
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What is counterbalancing?
a way of avoiding order effects: half the ps experience coniditon A then B, and half experience B then A
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What types of validity are there?
face validity, ecological validity, population validity, temporal validity
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What is the definition of an observation?
investigations where the researcher observes a situation and records what happens but does not manipulate an independent variable
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What is the definition of a covert observation?
Participants do not know they are being observed
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What an advantage of a covert observation?
no demand characteristics, high EV
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What a disadvantage of a covert observation?
difficult to conduct & remain hidden, ethics
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What is the definition of a overt observation?
participants know they are being observed
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What an advantage of a overt observation?
no ethical issues
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What a disadvantage of a overt observation?
demand characteristics, low EV
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What is the definition of a participant observation?
the researcher is a part of the group being observed
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What is an advantage of a participant observation?
gives an in-depth and deatiled understanding of behavior & high EV
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What is a disadvantage of a participant observation?
ethical issues, not objective, researcher can influence ps
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What is the definition of a non-participant observation?
the researcher is not part of the group being observed
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What is an advantage of a non-participant observation?
no ethics, objective, won't influence behaviour in terms of suggesting behaviour
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What is a disadvantage of a non-participant observation?
low EV, possible demand characteristics, not as in-depth
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What is the definition of a structured observation?
an observation that uses a coding cheme to record behaviour
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What is an advantage of using a coding scheme?
fairly simple to carry out and that they provide quantitative data which can be analysed statistically.
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What is a disadvantage of using a coding scheme?
gives a very restricted view of what is actually happening, might miss behaviour
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What is the definition of an unstructured observation?
only behaviour that is seen is recorded
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What is an advantage of an unstructured observation?
provides rich qualitative data
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What is a disadvantage of an unstructured observation?
can miss behaviour
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What is the definition of a naturalistic observation?
An observation conducted in the participant's natural environment
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What is an advantage of a naturalistic observation?
higher EV, few demand characteristics
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What is a disadvantage of a naturalistic observation?
more Ex Vs, harder to use recording equipment
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What is the definition of a controlled observation?
observation conducted in a controlled evironment
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What is an advantage of a controlled observation?
fewer Ex Vs, easier to use recording equipment
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What is a disadvantage of a controlled observation?
reduced EV, demand characteristics
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What is event sampling?
recording behaviour every time it happens
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What is a disadvantage of event sampling?
in a large sample, can be difficult to track & record all behaviour, greater change will miss an event
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What is an advantage of event sampling?
more representative of unusual behaviour,
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What is time sampling?
recording behaviour at a set time, for example every 10 minutes
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What is an advantage of time sampling?
easier to watch a large group, less tiring fro observer
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What is a disadvantage of time sampling?
cannot record unusual behaviour if it does not occur during the observable periods
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What is a self-report?
collecting data by asking participants to answer questions
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What is a questionnaire?
a written way of gaining self-report data
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What is an advantage of a questionnaire?
quick & easy, cheap for large numbers
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What is a disadvantage of a questionnaire?
leading/ambiguous/too many questions, social desirability, low repsonse rate (high participant attrition)
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What is an open question?
a question which leaves a space for the ps to write their response
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What is an advantage of an open question?
in depth responses, what participant actually thinks
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What is a disadvantage of an open question?
can be difficult & time consuming to analyse
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What is a closed question?
where ps choose the answer that best fits them
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What is an advantage of a closed question?
easy to score & analyse
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What is a disadvantage of a closed question?
restricted range of responses, ps forced to respond in one way, not detailed
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What is a likert scale?
scales that are rated using description (strongly agree/ strongly disagree)
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What is an advantage of a likert scale?
can be treated as numbers - easy to analyse
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What is a disadvantage of a likert scale?
force ps to have an opinion if even scale
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What is a rating scale?
asks ps to rate things on a number scale (1-10)
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What is an advantage of a rating scale?
more depth than yes/no, easy to analyse
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What is a disadvantage of a rating scale?
forces ps to be positive or negattive if even scale
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What is an interview?
self reports conducted face to face, written down on the spot, or recorded and transcribed
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What is an advantage of an interview?
ps feel more comfortable discussing questions in person than questionnaire
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What is a disadvantage of an interview?
ps can't be anonymous, evalutation anxiety, social desirability
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What is a structured interview?
where set questions are asked to each participant in the same order
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What is an advantage of a structured interview?
easier to gather quant. data than a clinical interview, so easier to analyse
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What is a disadvantage of a structured interview?
artificial, evaluation anxiety, social desirability, less depth, can't follow up interesting answers
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What is an unstructured interview?
uses a list of prompts, questions asked based on ps answers
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What is an advantage of an unstructured interview?
gather in-depth qual. data
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What is a disadvantage of an unstructured interview?
likely to cover broad range of topics so harder to compare & analyse results of diff. ps.
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What psychometric tests are there?
IQ, personality, mood scales, attitude scales, aptitude scales
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What factors can affect validity in self-reports?
social desirability, interveiwer bias, leading & ambigous questions, content validity, population validity
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What is Inter Rater Reliability?
making sure that two observers or raters produce the same results.
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What do correlations use instead of IV/DV?
co-variables
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What is positive correlation?
As one variable increases, so the does the other
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What is negative correlation?
As one variable decreases, so does the other
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What is no correlation?
there seems to be no relationship between the variables
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What is a correlation?
A method that estabilshes a relationship between variables, NOT cause & effect
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What is the advantages of correlations?
they can tell us soemthing new about exsiting data, they can be used where ethics are an issue for experiments, they can act as a starting point for other investigations
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What are the disadvantages of correlations?
do not show cause and effect, other variables could explain relationship, can't explain why there is a relationship
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How can hypothesis be used for correlations?
H1: there will be a correlation... Ho: there will be no correlation... one tailed: there will be a positive correlation...
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What is the mean?
the average. the sum of all the numbers divided by the no. of participants
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What are the strengths of a mean?
uses all values, most representative
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What are the weaknesses of a mean?
not good for nomial data, unprepresentative of extreme values
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What is the median?
middle score of all results in ascending order
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What are the strengths of a median?
unaffected by extreme values
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What are the weaknesses of a median?
not as sensitive, not good for nominal values, ignores outliers
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What is the mode?
value that appears most often
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What are the strengths of a mode?
can be used with any type of data, easy
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What are the weaknesses of a mode?
not useful if various values appear lots, not useful for small sets of data
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What is the Range?
The spread of data or largest - smallest
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What are the strengths of a range?
easy to calculate
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What are the weaknesses of a range?
may be affected by exvs, doesn't indicate how tightly/widely spread data is
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What is the standard deviation?
how much the data deviates from the mean
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What are the strengths of a standard deviation?
more precise than range as uses all data, allows researcher to know how much scores vary
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What are the weaknesses of a standard deviation?
more difficult to calculate, extreme data not relevant
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What are the strengths of self-reports?
can be used to collect a range of qual & quant data, find out ps perception of data, not always possible to observe behaviour
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What are the weaknesses of self-reports?
ps suffer evalutaion anxiety/social desirability/response bais, leading/ambiguous questions, difficult to ask qs in reliable way
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What are the strengths of observations?
natural = high EV, records how people actually behaviour (rather than how they say they will), can produce hypothesis for further testing
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What are the weaknesses of observations?
can't establish cause & effect \ IV&DV (none), difficult to record data in reliable way, IRR, observer bias
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What are the strengths of experiments?
more control over Ex Vs, establishes cause & effect, standardised procedure
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What are the weaknesses of experiments?
total control over ExVs not possible, low EV, sampling/experimenter bias & demand characteristics
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What is an advantage of opportunity sampling?
Back
quick and convenient
Card 3
Front
What is a disadvantage of opportunity sampling?
Back
Card 4
Front
What is the definition of self-selected sampling?
Back
Card 5
Front
What is an advantage of self-selected sampling?
Back
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