North West passage, easier and quicker trade, However, Russia is already disposing nuclear waste in the Arctic. Growth in tree line, availability to grow trees etc. Increase in human resources, e.g. timber.
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Thermohaline circulation effects
Thermohaline circulation: sub-tropical plants are able to grow in the Scilly Isles 50 degrees north of the equator. As the Arctic melts it decreases salinity and reduces water molecules to descend. If stopped, temperature in west Europe by 5 degrees
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Food webs effect
Cannot assess the impacts correctly due to the commercial fishing of cod. Increased temperature reduces phytoplankton (very fragile) causes negative multiplier effect.
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Carbon sinks effect
Cold dense seawater absorbs carbon dioxide, however, carbon sinks have not increased despite rising carbon dioxide levels.
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Permafrost effect
Thawing permafrost which releases methane (retains heat) and 40% has melted already in Siberia.
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Africa's effects
Vulnerability: many jobs dependent on primary sector. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in 2007 said 14 countries suffered from water scarcity and by 2032 11 more countries will join.
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Africa's problems
Competition for water especially the Nile as it crosses borders. Poor water availability and quality, increases cholera; pressure on health services and government. 25% of Africans dependent on these water sources.
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Physical and human factors that affect Africa
Contains 20% of all known species and due to their fragile status 20-50% will face extinction. Low lying areas (e.g. Ghana) can be affected by flooding. Malaria: 7.2 million in South Africa estimated to be affected.
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Africa's problems are complex.
Mainly because of their economic groupings. E.g. LDCs, megacities, landlocked cities etc. 2/3 of Africa's 55 countries were among the world's 50 poorest countries. 0.5 degree rise since 1900. In Kericho, Kenya it has been 3.5 degrees.
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Kenya
40% increase in farmland by 2080.
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More problems...
60% of Africans live in coastal areas. Debt crisis: cash crops and deforestation - 70% of farmers are subsistence.
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Sea level rise
Due to eustatic change: change in sea level due to the amount of water. Isostatic change: movement of land in response to loss or gain of mass from changing sediment or ice sheet pressure.
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Effects of sea level rise
el Nino will have increased effects. Urban impermeability reduces infiltiration. Bangladesh: 2000mm a year, coastal flooding and most densely populated country. Megacities: most located on coasts (central point for trade), e.g. Manilla, London etc.
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Stern review
1 degree rise:coral reefs suffer from 80% bleaching. 2 degrees rise: sea level rise by 7m. 3 degree rise: 550 million people go hungry. 4 degree rise: North Atlantic drift stops. 5 degree rise: Himalayan glaciers disappear.
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IPCC scenarios
A1 population 9 billion in 2050, energy efficient tech, reduce differences in wealth. A2 reduced globalisation: independent. Difference in wealth and tech change slow. B1 cleaner efficient tech. More forest in 2100 than 1900. B2 environment protect
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Tipping point
Passes the point of the Earth returning to its former state.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Thermohaline circulation: sub-tropical plants are able to grow in the Scilly Isles 50 degrees north of the equator. As the Arctic melts it decreases salinity and reduces water molecules to descend. If stopped, temperature in west Europe by 5 degrees
Back
Thermohaline circulation effects
Card 3
Front
Cannot assess the impacts correctly due to the commercial fishing of cod. Increased temperature reduces phytoplankton (very fragile) causes negative multiplier effect.
Back
Card 4
Front
Cold dense seawater absorbs carbon dioxide, however, carbon sinks have not increased despite rising carbon dioxide levels.
Back
Card 5
Front
Thawing permafrost which releases methane (retains heat) and 40% has melted already in Siberia.
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