Gas exchange in plants and humans

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  • Created by: Jan Shah
  • Created on: 12-04-13 18:09
Why do living organisms need energy?
For movement, growth, reproduction, excretion and breathing.
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Why do animals need energy?
Cell division (to make new cells for growth, repair and reproduction), movement (muscle contraction/ to generate nerve impulses) and for active transport.
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Where does the energy come from and how is it released?
It comes from the glucose in food and is released by the process of respiration.
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What is respiration?
Respiration is the breakdown of glucose to release energy that happens in all plant and animal cells.
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What is aerobic respiration?
Aerobic respiration is the chemical breakdown of glucose to release energy using oxygen. It takes place in the mitochondria.
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What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?
glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + energy + water
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What is the chemical equation for aerobic respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6H2O + 6CO2
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When does anaerobic respiration happen?
Anaerobic respiration in humans when not enough oxygen can be transported to the muscles. Glucose is broken down to release energy and the waste product formed is lactic acid.
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What is oxygen debt?
Oxygen debt is when lactic acid builds up in the muscles causing cramps. At the end of the exercise the extra oxygen taken in to break down the lactic acid in the muscles is called oxygen debt.
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Describe how an alveolus is adapted for gas exchange.
An alveolus has a spherical shape with a large surface area so that diffusion can happen faster. It has a constant circulation of blood which brings back blood with a low oxygen concentration.This increases diffusion as it down concentration gradient
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Describe how an alveolus is adapted for gas exchange (continued)
The wall of the alveolus is only one cell thick so there is a shorter diffusion distance. The walls of the alveoli are moist. This increases diffusion as the gases dissolve in the water.
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Describe and explain how air is drawn into the lungs of mammals during inhalation.
During inhalation the intercostal muscles between the ribs contract which lifts the ribs up and outwards. The diaphragm contracts and flattens which allows more room, so that the lungs can inflate and increase in size.
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Describe and explain how air is drawn into the lungs of mammals during inhalation (continued)
This increases the volume of the lungs so that more air can be drawn in. Since there is the same amount of air in the increased volume of the lungs so that more air can be drawn in.
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Describe and explain how air is drawn into the lungs of mammals during inhalation (continued)
Since there is the same amount of air in the increased volume, the pressure decreases in the lungs so the air sucked in as it moves from high pressure to low pressure. So the air will be sucked in until te pressure is equal.
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What is breathing?
Breathing is the intake of oxygen through the nose and mouth and the outake of carbon dioxide. Breathing is just the movement of air into and out of the lungs
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What two sets of muscles are needed for breathing?
Intercostal muscles and the diaphragm.
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What 3 components does cigarette smoke contain?
Tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide
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What diseases are caused by nicotine?
Heart disease (CHD)
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What diseases are caused by carbon monoxide?
Heart disease (CHD)
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What diseases are caused by tar?
Cancer, chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
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How is chronic bronchitis formed?
Chemicals in tar cause cell lining the bronchi and bronchioles to make more mucus. Chemicals in tar stop the cilia from moving mucus out of the lungs. Mucus trapped in the bronchi and gets infected with bacteria.
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How is chronic bronchitis formed (continued)?
Bacterial infection causes inflammation of the bronchi. The diammeter of the bronchi becomes narrower, so less oxygen reaches the alveoli.
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How is emphysema caused?
Chemicals in tar cause the alveoli walls to break down. This decreases the surface area of the alveoli meaning less oxygen will diffuse into the blood.
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How is cancer caused?
Over 40 chemicals in tar cause DNA mutations. Mutations in the DNA cause cells to become cancerous (form tumors).
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How is heart disease (CHD) caused?
Carbon monoxide binds to the haemoglobin in the blood. The amount of oxygen carried to the heart is reduced which can lead to a heart attack. Nicotine increases the blood pressure damaging the lining of the arteries.
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How is heart disease (CHD) caused (continued)?
Fatty deposits build up in the artery walls reducing the flow of blood.
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What is the part of body surrounding the rib cage?
Thorax
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What does the trachea split into?
2 bronchi
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What do the bronchi split into?
Bronchioles
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What is at the end of the bronchioles?
Alveoli.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Why do animals need energy?

Back

Cell division (to make new cells for growth, repair and reproduction), movement (muscle contraction/ to generate nerve impulses) and for active transport.

Card 3

Front

Where does the energy come from and how is it released?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is respiration?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is aerobic respiration?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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