Health and Disease

AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY

• more hierarchical
• land=wealth
• increased division - labour
• less communal
• increasing density
• higher food production
• store food + keep domesticated animals
• higher birth rate

Threats to Health

• pathogens - water 
• human waste - enteric pathogens
• pathogens - food
• plants - poisonous
• processing - ***** contamination
• feacl oral route:
  • water - inadequately treated
  • food - handled feces present (personal hygiene)
  • poor sewage treatment + vectors (houseflies)
  • poor/absent cleaning
  • sexual practices
• Giardiasis, Rotavirus, Shigellosis (bacillary dysentery), Typhoid fever, Enteroviruses, Cholera, Clostridium difficile, Cryptosporidiosis, Ascariasis.
• animals - transmission from=zoonosis
  • cattle: measles, smallpox, TB
  • pigs + ducks: influenza
  • birds: falciparum malaria
  • dogs + rats: leptospirosis
  • cats: toxoplasmosis, cat scratch fever
• wars - controlling food supplies
• famines - adverse weather, distibution chains easily disrupted
• slavery
  • low calorie intake
  • poor diet (starch+fat)
  • insalubrious conditions
  • low life expectancy
  • poverty
  • dehydration+diarrhoea
• excess alcohol consumption

• Black Death: 1348 - 1350
  • yersinia estis bacterium=bubonic plague
  • fleas + rats
  • killed 30-60% europe's population

• Irish Famine/Potato Famine: 1845 - 1852
  • 1 million died
  • population reduced 20-25%
  • potato blight=phytophthora infestans (oomycete)

• Zoonosis
  • infectious disease, animals - humans
  • transmitted - infected saliva. rabies (acute encephalitis)
  • neurotropic virus
  • brain inflammation

• Lyme Disease/lyme borreliosis
  • genus Borrelia - bacteria
  • ticks

• Toxoplasmosis
  • protozoan toxoplasma gondii
  • encephalitis + necrotizing retinochoroiditis

• Tuberculosis
  • mycobacterium tuberculosis

• Syphilis
  • spirochete bacterium treponema pallidum

• Tetanus
  • obligate anaerobic bacterium clostridium tetani
  • tetano spasmin=neurotoxin (opisthotonus)

• Cholera epidemic
  • london/paris 1832
  • 100,000+ casualties

• The Americas: 1500-1900
  • 30 million dead
  • smallpox, measles, typhoid

Health benefits

• social development - improved shelter
• medicine
• reduced impact, adverse weather - caloric intake
• improved social supports 
• kinship networks
• sharing of knowledge
• back up system - economic support

• Penicillium - sir alexander fleming (1881-1955)
• Salicilates - hippocrates (460 BC)
• First refrigerator - John Gorrie (1803-1855)

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

• improvements - health
• longevity (long life)
• full height - adulthood
• increases - population
• decline - mortality
• determinants, improved health - Mckeown thesis
• improvements - public health measures
• advances - medicine
• improved personal hygiene
• improved living standards

• Mckeown+Brown's thesis
  • mortality rates after 1840
  • improvements - reductions,…