World Cities
- Created by: Francesca Liguori
- Created on: 06-05-13 15:34
Urban Areas and Urbanisation
- Millionaire city: urban area with over a million people living there (Budapest)
- Mega city: urban area with over 10 million people living there (Mumbai)
- World city: city that has influence over whole world, centres for trad and business, hubs or culture and science (LDN, NY, Tokyo)
- Millionaire cities: more than 400. In past, found in developed world, increasingly in developing world
- Mega cities: more than 20. 2/3 in developing countries
- World cities: in developing countries. Over time, more in developing countries such as India and China
- Urbanisation: growth in proportion of a country's population living in urban areas
- Suburbanisation: movement of people from city centre to outskirts or suburbs
- Counter-urbanisation: movement of people from cities to rural areas
- Re-urbanisation: movement of people back to city centre
Urban Areas and Urbanisation
Urbanisation caused by rural-urban migration and naturally increasing populaiton. Migrants are young people looking for work. They have children, increasing population. Takes place because of push and pull factors.
In developing countries: Push:
- desertification, land cant support population
- farmers take out loans, crops fail, cant pay back so lose land
- conflict and civil war, killed or injured - less people wokring so food shortages
- natural disasters
- changes in land use
- mechanisation of agriculture
Pull:
- more jobs - better pay
- health and education services
- family members help find work and homes
- perception of better quality of life
Urbanisation
Urban population grows; need for space,resources, services increases; if cannot be met, poor quality of life
Developing countries cannot afford extra needs and growth or urbanisation. -ve impacts:
- not enough houses; live on streets or shelters
- build own - slums/shanty towns
- competition for jobs in formal sector, have to accept low wages/poor working conditions
- informal sector, dangerous
- pressure on roads and railways, increasing congestion and air pollution
Management
- new housing to replace slums
- improving servics in slums
- residents involved in improving area
- redeveloping slums into independant townships
Urbanisation - Mumbai
Mega city. Major port, financial centre, hub of industry and services. Cultural centre. 5.9mil in 1907 - 12.5mil 2011 - more than half population live in poverty.
Issues
- poor living conditions
- poor health care
- cant meet demand for water
- road congestion and air pollution
- waste
Manage
- redevelopment project in Dharavi
- slum sanitation program - comunal toilet blocks
- rainwater harvesting
- alternative forms of transport
- public transport upgraded
Suburbanisation
Push: housing in city is poor quality - clear low qual housing and build new houses out of city; deindustrialisation - lose jobs - unemployment increases - less money - shops shut
Pull: planning laws more relaxed; improvements in public transport and car ownership; businesses and shops move out of city centre
Impacts on city centre: abandoned, run down; lower living standards and poverty - unemployment; people are poorer/foreign = economic and ethnic segregation; commuting - increased congestion and pollution
Impactss on suburbs: new housing - affects wildlife habitats; more ground conreted over - increased surfact runoff and risk of flooding; own cars - cars on road increase = congestion and pollution
Managing impacts: redevelopment schemes encourage moving back, improving brownfield sites; greenbelt to prevent urban areas getting too large - protects countryside; schemes to reduce traffic congestion in city centre; flood defence schemes
Suburbanisation - Surbiton
SW London
141000 1970 - 160000 2011
Transport links, good quality housing, shops and restaurants, schools and parks
Problems
- cars, on street parking, buses cant get through
- london travel zone 6 - fares to central london expensive
- high house prices - economic segregation
Management
- widening roads
- local decision making
- reclassify Surbiton station as zone 5 = less expensive
- secure bicycle storage units
Counter-urbanisation
Push: escape air and noise pollution; cities have congestion and problems parking; house prices rise, not getting value for money
Pull: housing developments less densely packed; quieter and open space; improve quality of life; improved communication services = work from home; technological improvements = companies move to rural; increased jobs; increased car ownership; increased rail services; commute to work
Impacts on rural areas
Positive: increase in business; residents have higher disposable income; farmers make money selling unwanted land/buildings; schools in rural areas can stay open
Negative: developments unattractive; rural shops and services shut (wealthy residents have cars); roads and infrastructure cant cope with extra traffic; schools close if residents dont have kids; house prices increase = old population
Manage: developments allowed if similar to current buildings; companies offer mobile services (banks); local occupancy clauses
Counter-urbanisation
St Ives: 70 miles N of London. 1961 - 3800 2010 - 16400. Road access and rail links to Cambridge and London
Impacts
- increased house prices (commuters earn more than local workers)
- housing built on river banks and flood plain
- more shops and services in town
- families changed population structure; was ageing now youthful = pressure on schools
Manage
- 2010 = 200 new homes - 75 affordable housing
- expand primary schools
- flood protection works (£8.8mil); new embankments and flood walls
- £116mil guided busway, reducing congestion
Re-urbanisation
Pull: redevelopment of brownfield sites (new developments); urban development corporations = buy land and plan how to use to encourage businesses and people to move back; universities; young single people want to live close to work with good clubs; once it has started it continues
Push: lack of jobs; less leisure/entertainment facilities; high house prices
Positive on city centre: boosts economy; less unemployment; tourism increases; state schools benefit
Negative: cant afford housing as prices increase; tension between old and new; new jobs unaccessible to original residents; upmarket shops replace shops for original residents
Manage: re-urbanisation projects guarantee affordable housing; charitable projects imrpove skills of existing population
Re-urbanisation
London Docklands: 19th and 20th centrues globally importan. 1960s+ decline. 1980 - derelict, 150000 unemployed, 20% housing unsuitable for living. 1981 - LDDC redeveloped
Positive: economy - 1998 2700 businesses 85000 jobs; housing - 24000 new homes, 6250 affordable; transport - 1987 Docklands Light railway, walking and cycling routes easier and safer; community - watersport centre, shopping, health centres; education - new schools and colleges, existing improved; environment - docks refurbished, outdoor spaces new
Since 1980 population doubled
Negative: conflict between old and new residents; orginial residents unable to find jobs
Manage: 40% new housing sold at affordable price; training centres to improve literacy, numeracy, IT; skillnet - provide people with skills needed for work in area
Urban Decline and Regeneration
1. Decline in industry - movement of manufacturing oversees, sites outside city centre
2. Increase in unemployment - industry decline = job loss, people move away for work - jobs unskilled/low paid
3. Shops and services decline - fewer people ot use shops, remaining have less money, shops close down
4. Physical environment declines - empty buildings = derelict = vandalism and grafitti, parks neglected = crime, becomes unattractive = more decline
Gentrification - regeneration by wealthier group
+ves: housing improved; value of housing increases; new businesses = jobs; crime rates fall
-ves: high demand for housing = tennants forced out - landlords sell for money; children of original homeowners unable to buy/rent; original shops/services replaced by upmarket shops; tension between old and new
Gentrification - Islington
Large Georgian and Victorian houses; 19th century; railways expanded; wealthy moved to suburbs; poor moved in; overcrowded; run down. 1960s; middle class began to buy because: increase in jobs in service sector - live close to city centre; well connected by underground; large and attractive houses; cheaper - rennovate; more and more wealthier lived there
Positive
- improved housing
- new businesses
Negative
- increased house prices
- wealth gap
- busnesses closed
Manage: London living wage £8.3 ph = larger income; charities to improve education
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