Development Dilemmas

Development is measured by...

• Birth + death rate, Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
• Types of employment - primary, secondary, tertiary + quaternary
• Access to clean water
• % of rural pop.
• HDI, GDP

However, there are PROBLEMS when measuring development. It fails to show disparity (differences) in poverty within a country, benefits are not always fairly distributed, so some benefit more than others. 

The Brandt Line is a line on a map that separates the developed north from the developing south. The PROBLEMS of the line are that it is bias as it was created by a wealthy man, it only uses GDP, some countries in the South have now developed + it's outdated.

The North has low birth + death rates, high literacy levels, high GNP, large tertiary industry.

The South has low literacy levels, high birth rates, low GNP, large primary industry.

Maharashtra - richest core region in India, has Mumbai. Economic wealth comes from...

• Manufacturing - booming industries are steel, cement, computer software + textiles
• Bollywood produces feature films, which are viewed worldwide
• Services - banking, IT, insurance, hotels
• IT graduates employed by large Western companies e.g. BT

Bihar - rural periphery has mainly rural pop. trapped in cycle of poverty...

• Women - rarely own land, have few rights, are poorly paid landless labourers
• Farming - most are subsistence farmers, rent land + when there is little work, they rent money. Low incomes + debt lead to malnutrition, + eventually death. Children are needed for farming, so many are uneducated + illiterate (low primary school attendance).
• Cycle of poverty = subsistence farming -> little/ no surplus farm produce -> little/ no income -> no investment in machinery/ fertilisers

Differences between the core + the rural periphery are: Maharashtra has a higher literacy rate + lower IMR than Bihar. Bihar has a higher fertility rate (due to less access to contraception), Maharashtra has a larger urban population + a higher life expectancy (better health care).

The Multiplier effect

• Investment
• Growth of industry
• Needs workforce
• People move there
• More houses, water + services
• Workers needed to provide these
• More food needed
• Shops open, more services needed
• Demand for more workers
• Growth continues, settlement + economy expand

As the multiplier effect becomes greater, a core region can develop.

Micro-hydro schemes have a generation capacity below 100kW. Water flowing through a pipe turns a turbine to produce electricity. They benefit rural peripheries . Advantages are that they help spread technology to rural areas, involves locals, it uses appropriate technology, has a low cost + most equipment is made in developing countries.

Sardar Sarovar Dam across the Narmada River in India, KEY: social, environmental, economic

Features: The dam was created to store monsoon rains to use in the dry season, therefore providing water to the semi-desert north-west India + promoting economic development by providing electricity.

• Doesn't involve locals + experts plan it
• Big scheme run by govt. + uses machinery

Advantages:

• Provides water for the driest areas + improves irrigation -> boosts economy
• Provides HEP, jobs, water 
• Provides areas for leisure activites, which increases tourism

Disadvantages:

• Land has to be flooded - farmland submerged, religious sites flooded + evacuation
• The electricity is expensive - only cities benefit. 
• Weight of dam can trigger earthquakes

Biogas (using cow dung) in India, KEY: social, environmental, economic

Features: Run by ASTRA

• Appropriate technology
• Involves locals + experts help locals
• Low cost

Advantages:

• Provides electricity for locals + cooking is faster
• Less health problems (small amount of smoke)
• Reduces fuel crisis due to less deforestation
• Reduces dependency on firewood for fuel

Disadvantages:

• Small-scale - benefits few
• Requires maintenance 
• Methane increases global warming

Tree planting in Gujurat in India, KEY: social, environmental, economic

Features: India's pop. is increasing, so less land suitable for farming is available. The National Tree Growers' Federation helps villagers to reclaim degraded land by planting trees. Key focus is the participation of women, landless farmers + landowners.

• Uses natural resources + minimises energy use
• Minimises waste + encourages re-use
• Protects animals + plants
• Affordable - doesn't put the country into debt
• Minimises water use e.g. uses rainwater for irrigation
• Benefits both the rich + the poor

Advantages:

• Trees produce fuel wood to be used in industry e.g. bamboo craft
• Meets needs for livestock, fodder + food
• Cheaper fodder increases milk production -> boosts local economy
• Provides jobs + reduces pollution

• Quality of life - how happy + content people are with their life
• Standard of living - quality + quantity of goods + services

• Gross National Product (GNP) - goods + services over a year ÷ population
• Gross Domestic Product (GDP) - value of goods + services over a year in US$
• Human Development Index (HDI) - score between 0 and 1 measuring the development of a country. It is based on education, life expectancy + income.

• Core - where economic growth takes place (cities + ports)
• Rural periphery - regions away from the core that play a small part in the country's economy 

• Development - change (usually improvement) for people + the economy. It is a measure of how wealthy a country is
• 'Growth poles' - points / places where industries + ports develop

• Sustainable - meeting the needs of people now + in the future, limiting harm to the environment