B451 PE revision

• competence - The relationship between skill, the selection and application of skills, tactics and compositional ideas and the readiness of body and mind to cope with physical activity.
• Performance - Using physical competence and knowledge and understanding of physical activity to produce effective outcomes when participating in physical activity.
• Creativity - Exploring and experimenting with techniques, tactics and compositional ideas to produce efficient and effective outcomes.
• Healthy, active lifestyles - Understanding the positive contribution that regular, fit for purpose physical activity makes to the physical and mental health of the individual.

• Cardiovascular endurance/stamina- examples; to be able to finish physical jobs; to not be too tired by the end of the day.
• Muscular endurance- examples; to be able to carry out repetitive tasks without tiring easily; to be able to finish an exercise programme.
• Speed- examples ; to be able to perform a physical activity quickly; to get physical jobs done quickly.
• Strength- examples; to be able to lift and carry heavy objects safely; to be able to carry a small child or to be able to perform a dynamic physical activity such as hockey/rugby.
• Flexibility/suppleness- examples; to be able to sustain physical activity without straining muscles; to be able to reach for things; to be able to perform demanding physical activities such as gymnastics and dance.

• health related/ less likely to be ill
• physical reasons/fitness/weight control/more energy
• well-being/mental reasons/stress relief/self esteem/self confidence
• image/look good
• enjoyment
• social/friendship/meeting friends
• as a hobby/something to do/keep active/to achieve your goals 
• to experience competition/to experience winning 
• to develop skills/ to get better at the activity/to perform everyday tasks better
• to copy role models/significant others/parents/friends/to please others
• as a vocation/profession/as a job/for money/tangible rewards/trophies/medals
• availability of/good facilities
• it is compulsory in school/NC requirements 

• Can increase levels of performance/play better
• More strength/builds muscle
• Have more energy/can last longer/recover faster/more stamina/train at greater intensity/be fitter
• Mask injury/can endure injury/pain better
• Increased speed/power
• Increase in red blood cells/increase in O2 availability
• Reduce weight
• Control anxiety/calms/relaxes
• Lowers heart rate
• Speeds reactions/more alert/better concentration
• Increases confidence

• Skilful movement is learned/comes about after practice/training
• Efficient – they only perform using necessary movements/no waste of energy/(seemingly) effortless
• Consistent/(often) successful/good player/effective
• Pre-determined – they know what they are trying to achieve
• Co-ordinated/controlled/movements are linked well together/does the right thing at the right time
• Fluent – one move flows into another/smoothly
• Aesthetic – the movement looks good
• Confident – the performer has a positive approach/thinks they will do well
• Follows correct model/accurate/correct technique

• To beat your opponent in a race, eg in a sprint race
• Get away from your opponent eg a striker running away from a defender in football
• To get to the ball or location before your opponent, eg winning the ball in a hockey match
• To be able to put skills into operation quickly/make skills quick/effective, eg quickly perform the smash in tennis
• Can hit or strike with more force/makes things/projectiles go faster, eg the quicker the run-up and arm action the quicker the ball will travel when bowling in cricket
• You can receive the ball more effectively/you can prepare to receive/respond, eg you can get in position to return the shuttle in badminton following an opponents smash.

• Active/regular exercise (better candidates will give values and best according to age/abilities)/able to do everyday tasks/fitness/feel energised
• Healthy/lack of illness/balanced diet (better candidates will give components/positive-negative energy balance)
• Hydration/regular water intake (better candidates will state how much and when according to the task/s)
• Limited/non-use of alcohol (better candidates will give details about units per day)
• No smoking
• No (illegal)drug taking
• Feeling good about yourself/high self-esteem
• Being optimistic/cheerful/good outlook on life/satisfied with life/enjoyment/happiness
• Lack of stress/minimises stress/anxiety/work – life balance
• Helping others/having good or positive relationships/having friends/a balanced social life
• Working hard/having a purpose/a focus in life
• (Regular) access to green space/good/healthy environment
• Get enough/right amount of sleep
• Having appropriate BMI/weight
• Free from illness/disease

• To play fairly/to be fair/to be generous/to show etiquette/good manners/show gratitude/maintain a positive mental attitude/feel good about yourself
• So that you can stick to the rules
• To stop/avoid injury or collision or danger/concern for the well-being of your opponent
• To show respect for your opponent/be friendly
• To ensure that everyone can play the game/to have a good game/let the game flow/help the referee/prevents anger or aggression
• To make it more enjoyable as a spectator/to watch
• To avoid arrogance/showing off/so that others will see you in a good light/to get praise/status/recognised as a fair team/otherwise you may be seen as cheating
• You may not be selected if not shown/could be banned
• To be a good role model/encourages other to show good sportsmanship.

• Poor health/injury/medical reasons
• Disability
• Do not enjoy physical activities/had negative experiences at school with physical activities/(perceived) lack of ability/can’t be bothered/lazy
• Other competing interests/social life/involved with social drugs/alcohol/other hobbies/computer games/(part time) work too time-consuming/no time
• Discrimination by others
• Pressure from peers not to participate/no friends to participate with
• Cultural/religious reasons/frowned upon by others
• Lack of confidence/self esteem/feel embarrassed
• Lack of role model/parental support/encouragement
• Few opportunities/age limitations/lack of teams/facilities/lack of green space/access (for disabled) lack of transport
• Lack of money/equipment
• Not compulsory (after 16)

• Participating (regularly) in activity
•  In PE lessons/NC/classes by participating/coaching/officiating in PE
•  Extra-curricular activities/clubs/school teams
•  Member of external (outside school) sports teams/exercise or gym clubs
• Coaching or leading or teaching / organising an event
• Officiating/judging in a physical activity
• Starting off at basic level of activities/starting or learning a new activity or starting/learning to coach/officiate
• Refinement of skills/getting help and advice/being coached/practising / getting better at skills
• Getting to the next tier/level/representing county/moving up the performance pyramid
• Developing physical health/fitness/following a healthylifestyle
• Volunteering to help or get involved
• As a career/professional or example of a professional
• Getting qualifications/scholarship.

• continuous- during the performance
• terminal- after the performance
• knowledge of results- after- info about end result
• knowledge of performance- info about how well the movement is being executed rather than the end result.  
• internal/intrinsic- continuous from proprioceptors (you) 
• external/extrinsic/augmented- comes from external sources (sound/vision)
• positive- reinforces skill learning + info about a successful outcome 
• negative- info about unsuccessful outcome- used to build more successful strategies 

• Withdrawal symptoms if you stop
• High blood pressure
• Skin problems/acne
• More aggression/rage
• Addiction/you can’t help but take them/a habit
• Anxiety/depression/lower self-esteem
• Can lead to being banned/fined/disqualified
• Labelled as a cheat by others/others have low opinion of you
• Can affect gender characteristics/males get female characteristics/females get male characteristics
• Heart disease/blood clots/kidney/internal organ damage/poor health/die
• Infections/AIDS
• Infertility
• Dehydration
• leads to more injury
• Lack of concentration/slower reactions

• efficiency/economic/effortless- no wasted energy when hitting the ball in tennis 
• pre-determined- the gymnast knows her routine well before she starts
• co-ordinated- the footballer can jump and do a bicycle kick successfully 
• fluent/fluid/smooth- the rugby player picks p the ball and passes in one flowing movement
• aesthetic- the netball player shoots the ball sing the correct technique that looks good
• being creative- a footballer can disguise a pass
• successful/good technique- a basketballer shows the correct shooting technique 
• controlled- a volleyball player controls a dig
• perform at speed- a netball player passes with speed
• consistent- a tennis player serves well every time she serves
• learned- a trampolinist learns a new technique of somersault
• confident- a cricketer shows confidence when playing a forward defensive shot

vitamins-

• prevent infections/illness 
• help to produce energy
• helps with metabolism/with body systems working effectively

minerals- 

• needed for strong/healthy bones/teeth/skin
• essential for blood/helps with carrying oxygen 
• essential for effective growth/development 

• health screening
• fitness tests
• body mass index/BMI
• cardiovascular tests/12 minute cooper run/multi-stage fitness test/checking heart rate recovery
• strength test/grip dynamometer  test
• muscular endurance/sit-up test
• speed test/30m sprint test
• agility/balance/coordination test
• flexibility test/sit and reach test
• power test/standing broad jump
• questionnaire/questioning about how they feel
• visual assessment/do they look ready for exercise 

• age
• gender
• education
• family/peer pressure
• disability
• ethnicity
• religion
• environment
• climate
• cultural
• money
• time
• access
• ability

the growth of cells and tissue repair 

a) pasta

b) fish

c) water

d) bread

a) being captain of a hockey team

b) coaching the lower school football team

c) collecting the bibs at the end of a games lesson

d) refereeing a basketball game

a) the rugby player fouls an opponent who tries to run past with the ball

b) the movement of the the gymnast looks good and is fluent in their floor exercise

c) the movement of the volleyball player is fast across the court to get the ball

d) the footballer shouts for the ball because there is no space to shoot

• age 
• gender
• education 
• family/peer pressure
• disability 
• ethnicity 
• religion 
• environment 
• climate
• cultural 
• money
• time
• access
• ability

people may think that they are too young or too old for an activity, or others have that view 

certain activities are traditionally linked to either males or females and this can lead to discrimination 

those attending a well-equipped school may take to physical activity much more readily than those who don't 

some families attach less valve to sport and physical activity than others, and people from an uninterested background may be less likely to participate than those who have always received encouragement, no friends taking part may influence you not to. 

• may be discriminated against 
• access to facilities may be difficult 
• may perceive yourself as someone who is unable to participate. 

some ethnic groups may disprove of certain types of physical activity for certain groups, and these attitudes may influence participation 

if you live in an area with poor facilities or inappropriate terrain then you may be less likely to get involved. 

whether certain types of activity is available. e.g skiing 

in physical activity and sport, there are still views and practices that move against a sense of equality. e.g boys doing ballet/ girls doing rugby

certain sports cannot be played due to expense of equipment, coaching, travel costs or membership fees

• Time- lack of free time due to work/family commitments
• Access- no facilities or sports clubs near 
• Ability- people have negative attitudes, they deem themselves no good enough or have had a bad previous experience 

• give energy for endurance athletes 
• build healthy cells
• build brains
• helps the body to use vitamins 
• makes hormones 
• protects organs and controls heat loss

• builds and repairs body tissue
• essential for cell growth 
• produces enzymes and hormones 
• produces energy

meat fish poultry 

• carries nutrients
• helps to remove waste products
• helps regulate body temp
• replaces lost fluids
• helps blood flow 

2 litres per day

• essential for bowel function 
• helps the digestive process 

some cereals, brown bread, veg 

• Non-smoking
• Active- 1 hour 5 times a week
• Balanced diet 
• Hydration
• Limited alcohol 

• live longer
• less chance of getting ill
• avoid obesity
• can be more active
• less prone to injury
• be fitter
• not get tired so easily 
• feel good about yourself 
• high self esteem/confidence 
• lots of friends 

• Smoking 
• Performance enhancing drugs 
• Alcohol
• Disability
• Age
• Gender 
• Over eating/under eating

positive-

• increased oxygen uptake 
• increased endurance 

negative-

• infection
• increased blood pressure
• heart attacks
• kidney problems 

• develop skills (teaching badminton skills)
• making + applying decisions (pupils umpiring a game of badminton in pe) 
• developing physical = mental capacity (pupils taking on a role as a leader)
• evaluating + improving (fellow pupil to assess your performance in lesson)
• making informed decisions (being taught about healthy choices)

• Satisfaction with aspects of life 
• Frequency of positive and negative feelings 
• Access to green space 
• Level of participation in other activities
• Positive mental health. 

Water aerobics  is the performance of aerobic exercise in shallow water such as a swimming pool

is a type of resistance training.

the use of water in water aerobics supports the body and reduces the risk of muscle or joint injury

elderly 

A system of exercises using special apparatus, designed to improve physical strength, flexibility, and posture, and enhance mental awareness

help relieve stress

uses core muscles

women 

Usually performed in classes, sessions are conducted once a week or more and roughly last 45 minutes.

• cardio strength class
• uses barbells to perform resistance exercises
• completed to music
• 45-60 minutes run by trainers
• raise heart rate and work every area of the body
• will help increase lean body mass and improve fat burning ability

• decreases lung capacity- decreases stamina 
• increase chance of lung disease 
• Suffered from shortness of breath
• Tobacco smoke affects the lungs so that they work less efficiently. They can't pick up the amount of oxygen that a body needs when it is working hard.
• Tobacco smoke affects the lungs so that they work less efficiently. They can't pick up the amount of oxygen that a body needs when it is working hard.