Ice on the Land
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- Created by: levell2000
- Created on: 28-01-15 21:44
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- Ice on the Land
- History
- Last ice age was the Pleistocene about 2.5 million years ago
- They last about 100,000 years
- 20,000 years ago 30% of the world was covered
- Nowadays
- Since there have been permanent ice sheets e.g. Greenland + Antarctica
- 10% of the Earth is covered by ice
- Evidence of temp. change
- Chemical
- chemical composition of ice and marine segments change a the temperature changes
- samples build up quickly -> records show a pattern of increasing and decreasing
- Geological
- There are visible landforms showing where the ice was (Lake District, England)
- Fossil
- they show adaptations proving if it was hot or cold
- Chemical
- Glacial Budget
- Accumulation at the top. Ablation at the bottom
- it is the difference between the total accumulation and total ablation in one year
- More accumulation = advance
- More ablation = retreat
- Equal accumulation and abration = no change
- Factors that affect it
- Seasons: summer and winter
- Global Warming
- Landforms
- Arete
- Steep-sided ridge in between two glaciers flow in parallel valleys e.g. Striding Ridge, L.D
- Pyramidal Peak
- at least 3 sides backed together with a pointed top e.g. Snowdon, Wales
- truncated Spurs
- where interlocking spurs have been eroded and cut off due to the glaciers movement
- hanging valleys
- tributary glaciers meet the main glacier as it does not have enough power to erode.
- Drumlins
- Ribbon Lakes
- long, thin river in hollows where softer rock was eroded more
- Corrie
- A hollow where accumulation of snow and a glacier is formed when it retreats it may form a tarn
- Arete
- Moraine
- Lateral = on the sides
- Medial = when two glaciers meet the lateral moraines meet
- Ground = on the ground from plucking
- Terminal = at the snout
- Processes
- Erosion
- Ablation - sandpaper effect
- Plucking - melt-water melts and refreezes around rocks/ boulders
- Transportation
- Deposition
- Erosion
- Impacts of tourism
- Economic Impacts
- boosts local economy
- more employment
- Social Impacts
- more transport links
- tourists may trigger avalanches
- Environmental Impacts
- Soil erosion
- glacial moraine destoyed
- noise+visual pollution, litter, congestion
- Economic Impacts
- Management of tourism
- Tree Screening
- Improvements to public transport
- Natural reserves-> theses areas are limited
- Chamonix
- french alps, boarder with Italy+ Switzerland
- Winter -> ski, snowboard, ice climbing, freefall
- Summer -> hiking, mountain biking, museums and shopping
- Economy -> employment, tourist shops
- Social -> jobs diversed, more avalanches
- Environmental -> congestion = more pollution, more energy needed increases global warming
- Management-> avalanche barriers, free public transport, renewable energy
- Impacts of a Glacial Retreat
- Ice is no longer available for winter sports
- Unreliable snow fall = fewer tourist
- Businesses struggle due to fewer tourist
- increased unemployment
- Economical - meltwater decreases meaning HEP's could shut down
- Social - unreliable power supply, businesses shut down - familys need to move, population decines - services decline
- Environmental - flooding, habitats destroyed, fish that have adapted will die out, harmful pollutants may pollute streams and lakes
- Avalanche
- a mass of snow, ice, and rocks falling rapidly down a mountainside.
- Two Types
- Loose Snow:- a powdery avalanche originating from one point
- Slab:- a large scale avalanche formed of a slab or ice and snow breaks away
- CAUSES
- heavy snowfall
- steep slopes
- tree removal
- temperature rise
- Heavy rainfall
- human factors - off-piste skiers
- Case Study: Galtür, Austria
- Facts
- 23.02.99
- 200 miles per hour, taking 50 seconds to reach the village
- 31 people died, 26 were tourists and 5 were locals
- Rescuers saved 26 people
- 16 buildings were destroyed
- Facts
- Kashmir, Pakistan
- Facts
- Feb 2008
- 30 deaths
- destroyed infrastructure
- buried people
- Cause:- unusual heavy snow
- Facts
- Ways to reduce impact:
- fences
- avalanche gully
- walls
- hills
- afforestation
- blow up
- large flat urban free area
- History
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