the influence of childhood on adult relationships
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- Created on: 08-06-13 21:26
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- the influence of childhood on adult relationships
- parent child relationships
- Attachment, care-giving and sexuality
- Shaver et al – What we experience as romantic love adulthood is an integration of 3 behavioural systems acquired in infancy
- The first system: attachment, related to concept of internal working model – John Bowlby’s theory
- Bowlby - later r/s likely to be continuation of early attachment styles
- The internal working model of r/s leads the infant to expect the same in later r/s.
- Internal working model can lead to development of an attachment disorder
- Second, care-giving system: knowledge about how one cares for another learnt by modelling behaviour of primary attachment figure.
- Third, sexuality system: also learnt in relation to early attachment e.g. individuals who suffered from avoidant attachment are more likely to hold the view that sex without love is pleasurable
- Second, care-giving system: knowledge about how one cares for another learnt by modelling behaviour of primary attachment figure.
- Internal working model can lead to development of an attachment disorder
- The internal working model of r/s leads the infant to expect the same in later r/s.
- Bowlby - later r/s likely to be continuation of early attachment styles
- The first system: attachment, related to concept of internal working model – John Bowlby’s theory
- Shaver et al – What we experience as romantic love adulthood is an integration of 3 behavioural systems acquired in infancy
- Effects of childhood abuse on later r/s
- Indivs who have experienced physical abuse in childhood more likely to report increased rates of depression, anger and anxiety than non-abused indivs. - Springer
- Childhood sexual abuse also associated with psychological impairments, find it difficult forming healthy r/s
- Indivs who have experienced both forms of abuse develop damaged ability to trust people and sense isolation from others – Alpert et al
- Kolk and Fisler – abused indivs had difficulty forming healthy attachments and formed disorganized attachments instead
- Disorganised patterns led to difficulty regulating emotions, key aspect of forming a healthy r/s
- Kolk and Fisler – abused indivs had difficulty forming healthy attachments and formed disorganized attachments instead
- Indivs who have experienced both forms of abuse develop damaged ability to trust people and sense isolation from others – Alpert et al
- Childhood sexual abuse also associated with psychological impairments, find it difficult forming healthy r/s
- Indivs who have experienced physical abuse in childhood more likely to report increased rates of depression, anger and anxiety than non-abused indivs. - Springer
- Parental relationship research support
- Fraley – meta-analysis, correlations from .10 to .50 between early attachment type and later r/s
- One reasons for low correlation could be because insecure-anxious attachment is more unstable
- Could be that an indivs attachment type is determined by the current r/s
- Attachment theory suggests that significant r/s experiences can alter attachment organisation
- Kirkpatrick and Hazan – r/s breakups associated with shift from secure to insecure attachments
- Attachment theory suggests that significant r/s experiences can alter attachment organisation
- Could be that an indivs attachment type is determined by the current r/s
- One reasons for low correlation could be because insecure-anxious attachment is more unstable
- Fraley – meta-analysis, correlations from .10 to .50 between early attachment type and later r/s
- Research support for influence of childhood abuse
- Berenson and Anderson support the claim that abused kids have difficulty developing adult r/s.
- Adult women who have been abused later display negative reactions towards another person but only people who remind them of their abusive parent.
- The process of transference could lead indivs abused in childhood to use inappropriate behavioural patterns learnt from their r/s with abusive parent
- Adult women who have been abused later display negative reactions towards another person but only people who remind them of their abusive parent.
- Berenson and Anderson support the claim that abused kids have difficulty developing adult r/s.
- IDA – insights from non-human species
- Social deprivation not possible with human kids for ethical reasons
- Suomi and Harlow – rhesus monkeys reared with adequate adult but inadequate peer contact later displayed inappropriate social and sexual behaviour
- The longer they were denied the opportunity to interact, the more extreme the social inadequacies
- Suomi and Harlow – rhesus monkeys reared with adequate adult but inadequate peer contact later displayed inappropriate social and sexual behaviour
- Social deprivation not possible with human kids for ethical reasons
- Attachment, care-giving and sexuality
- interaction with peers
- Childhood friendships
- Qualter and Munn – kids also learn from experiences with other kids, the way that a kid thinks about himself and others is determined by specific experiences which then become internalised.
- Kids develop sense of their own values as a result of interaction with others which in turn determines how they approach adult r/s
- Nangle et al – children’s r/s are training grounds for adult r/s
- Having a best friend has same characteristics that are important in later romantic r/s.
- Nangle et al – children’s r/s are training grounds for adult r/s
- Kids develop sense of their own values as a result of interaction with others which in turn determines how they approach adult r/s
- Qualter and Munn – kids also learn from experiences with other kids, the way that a kid thinks about himself and others is determined by specific experiences which then become internalised.
- Adolescent r/s
- Attachment usually shifts from parents to peers
- Romantic r/s serve a of purposes: help achieve separation from parents, can redirect intense interpersonal energy toward their romantic partner, allow adolescents to gain a type of emotional and physical intimacy that is quite different from what is experienced towards parents
- Madsen – tested the effects of dating behaviour in adolescence (15-17.5) on the quality of young adult (20-21) romantic r/s
- Moderate or low dating frequency predicted higher quality young adult r/s whereas higher frequency of dating predicted poorer quality adult r/s
- Suggested that some dating in adolescence is advantageous for adult r/s quality but can be maladaptive if too much
- Moderate or low dating frequency predicted higher quality young adult r/s whereas higher frequency of dating predicted poorer quality adult r/s
- Madsen – tested the effects of dating behaviour in adolescence (15-17.5) on the quality of young adult (20-21) romantic r/s
- Romantic r/s serve a of purposes: help achieve separation from parents, can redirect intense interpersonal energy toward their romantic partner, allow adolescents to gain a type of emotional and physical intimacy that is quite different from what is experienced towards parents
- Attachment usually shifts from parents to peers
- Gender differences
- Richard and Schneider - girls have more intimate friendships than boys, more likely to report care and security in their r/s with other girls
- Other research found that boys’ relationships tend to be more competitive, girls are more likely to engage in cooperative and sharing activities
- Erwin – sex difs in childhood experiences of r/s have been overemphasised and many similarities tend to be overlooked
- Other research found that boys’ relationships tend to be more competitive, girls are more likely to engage in cooperative and sharing activities
- Richard and Schneider - girls have more intimate friendships than boys, more likely to report care and security in their r/s with other girls
- Negative effects
- Romantic r/s in adolescence can be healthy for later adult r/s.
- Also shown potential for negative effects – Haynie
- Romantic involvement increases some forms of deviance in adolescence by as much as 30%.
- Neemann et al – romantic involvement in early to middle adolescence was associated with decrease in academic achievement and increase in conduct problems
- In late adolescence, romantic involvement no longer related to these negative outcomes, suggesting that it is the timing of romantic r/s in adolescence that determines what influence if any they’ll have
- Maddsen – heavy dating patterns during adolescence are associated with poorer quality adult r/s
- Challenged by Roisman et al – found no effects of romantic experience at age 20 on romantic r/s at age 30 suggesting there is no consistent evidence that adolescent romantic r/s are building blocks of adult r/s
- Maddsen – heavy dating patterns during adolescence are associated with poorer quality adult r/s
- In late adolescence, romantic involvement no longer related to these negative outcomes, suggesting that it is the timing of romantic r/s in adolescence that determines what influence if any they’ll have
- Neemann et al – romantic involvement in early to middle adolescence was associated with decrease in academic achievement and increase in conduct problems
- Romantic involvement increases some forms of deviance in adolescence by as much as 30%.
- Also shown potential for negative effects – Haynie
- Romantic r/s in adolescence can be healthy for later adult r/s.
- Childhood friendships
- parent child relationships
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