Bottom up theory
- Created by: Sophie Kelly
- Created on: 09-05-13 20:02
View mindmap
- Gibson's bottom-up theory
- In order to perceive, we need nothing but the info arriving at our senses
- IDA
- Reductionism
- OPTIC ARRAY contains all the visual info from the environment that strikes the eye and is the starting point for all perception.
- Gibson's bottom-up theory
- In order to perceive, we need nothing but the info arriving at our senses
- IDA
- Reductionism
- OPTIC FLOW
- Source of info concerning height, distance and speed, that directly inform perception.
- Johansson (1973) found evidence to support the view that movement in our optic flow help us to make sense of what we see
- He found that a black-clad actor with lights on his knees and ankles was able to be detected as a person only when he was moving. When he was stationary, he was unable to be detected.
- This suggests that movement is important for perception and therefore supports the optic flow concept of Gibson's theory.
- Maher and West (1993) found something similar.
- This suggests that movement is important for perception and therefore supports the optic flow concept of Gibson's theory.
- He found that a black-clad actor with lights on his knees and ankles was able to be detected as a person only when he was moving. When he was stationary, he was unable to be detected.
- Johansson (1973) found evidence to support the view that movement in our optic flow help us to make sense of what we see
- Source of info concerning height, distance and speed, that directly inform perception.
- TEXTURE GRADIENTS
- AFFORDANCES
- How do we know that the objects we are looking at are for sitting on, eating or grasping?
- All objects offer/afford certain responses e.g. chair affords sitting on but standing on if changing a lightbulb
- Gibson argued that the meaning of an object can be directly perceived and this meaning tells you what you can do with the object
- All objects offer/afford certain responses e.g. chair affords sitting on but standing on if changing a lightbulb
- Warren (1984) tried to offer support for concept of affordances
- He studied whether pp's could judge whether staircases with differently proportioned steps could "afford" to be climbed
- He found the length of the pp's leg actually determined could or could not be "afforded" (climbed)
- He argued that even without past experiences, we are able to perceive functionality in objects, further supporting Gibson's theory
- He found the length of the pp's leg actually determined could or could not be "afforded" (climbed)
- He studied whether pp's could judge whether staircases with differently proportioned steps could "afford" to be climbed
- Application/examples
- See a button - know to push
- See a switch - know to flip
- See a knob - know to rotate
- How do we know that the objects we are looking at are for sitting on, eating or grasping?
- Gibson's bottom-up theory
- EYE TO BRAIN
- Application
- OPTIC FLOW
- Source of info concerning height, distance and speed, that directly inform perception.
- Johansson (1973) found evidence to support the view that movement in our optic flow help us to make sense of what we see
- He found that a black-clad actor with lights on his knees and ankles was able to be detected as a person only when he was moving. When he was stationary, he was unable to be detected.
- This suggests that movement is important for perception and therefore supports the optic flow concept of Gibson's theory.
- Maher and West (1993) found something similar.
- This suggests that movement is important for perception and therefore supports the optic flow concept of Gibson's theory.
- He found that a black-clad actor with lights on his knees and ankles was able to be detected as a person only when he was moving. When he was stationary, he was unable to be detected.
- Johansson (1973) found evidence to support the view that movement in our optic flow help us to make sense of what we see
- Source of info concerning height, distance and speed, that directly inform perception.
- Expanding flow field
- Elements in middle of field of vision pass around as you move
- Contracting flow field - if you look out back window of car you'd experience contracting
- Elements in middle of field of vision pass around as you move
- OPTIC FLOW
- Use of parallel lines on the road
- Application
- Expanding flow field
- Elements in middle of field of vision pass around as you move
- Contracting flow field - if you look out back window of car you'd experience contracting
- Elements in middle of field of vision pass around as you move
- Expanding flow field
- Get narrower as you approach roundabout to give impression you're accelerating
- Illustrates importance of Gibson's work helping people act more safely in their everyday lives
- Application
- According to Gibson, our perceptual world is made up of surfaces of different textures, these can be used to assist perception of depth and orientation
- TEXTURE GRADIENTS
- Texture = collection of objects in visual field
- Gradient = change in relative size of these elements
- Gibson and Bridgeman (1987) found the ability to detect texture gradients within our optic array
- HOWEVER - prior knowledge may be the reason we can name it? Could investigate by infant studies
- Frichtel et al (2006)
- Presented pp's with a film of a car driving through scenery. Evidence was found that infants as young as 4 months could perceive using texture gradient
- Implying that the ability is innate, and lending support to Gibson's theory that perception is reliant on innate mechanisms
- Presented pp's with a film of a car driving through scenery. Evidence was found that infants as young as 4 months could perceive using texture gradient
- Frichtel et al (2006)
- HOWEVER - the idea that optical array provides direct info seems unlikely. Affected by cultural differences, experiences and emotions.
- He argued that even without past experiences, we are able to perceive functionality in objects, further supporting Gibson's theory
Comments
No comments have yet been made